The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay

The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay First step of this development proposal is to study about the e-commerce system, and gain knowledge about portal and how they maintain them in real life. After study about current system and theories the student going to discuss and find out the aims and objectives of the system. Finally, the student has conducted literature search to find out the correct tools techniques and skills, in order to come up with expected system. Introduction This is the research report of online student portal. Which has to be design in order to accomplish the aim of this project. As we are in the hectic and busy world, the information technologies play a lot in every aspects of human life cycle. So in this project the user mainly going to be the student community who can benefit from the final product. The main reason behind this production is to make students life easy by creating such a product call online student portal. in order to get or in other word in order to fulfil their needs in one place, the Students need to get registered with the site to have access, once they get the membership they can have the benefit of the site. The benefits are the features of the website .the user can have access to News and updates, Quarries and solutions, buy and sell and ect. The student has studied about the current portals and conducted the user survey to find out the requirements and to do the requirement analysis. in order to find out about the technologies, tools and skills the student has done the literature search, and the evidence has been shown. Finally the student has start to do further investigations on implementing a payment system in the final stage of its development. As this is a academic project, the limitation on implementing a check out system like PayPal or google, going to cost some money. Problem of statement Aim To make students life style easy by giving the updates and changes in the field, give a chance to sell or buy study materials and tools and post their queries to get solutions from experts. Objectives Research objectives Study about e-commerce system Understand about existing Requirement gathering and analysis Understand the web based client server architecture. Study about database modelling and designing, tools that required. Learn about web designing tools and techniques Learn about client server side scripting languages like JavaScript/Ajax Research about system modelling and prototyping tools. Research about check out systems Practical objectives System modelling and prototyping Develop the system physical system Testing and debugging of the system Implantation of the system Installation and maintenance of the system Prepare the required documentation Requirements of this Project User requirements Coming soon System requirements Coming soon Functions of the system [how does the system work?] Coming soon Literature review The literature review is one of the most important parts in this project. In order to do the review the student has done the serach.The purpose of the literature search is to collect information about the technologies; tools, skills, and knowledge that require to develop and implement the system. In addition the student has divided the literature search into two sub to make the search easier; Technological aspects Collect information about the technological requirements that need to develop the software Ex:, front end development, client/server architecture, data modelling, database management, system security, system modelling and prototyping tools, software development tools and software testing tools etc. Project management aspects Collect information about various project management techniques which can help to develop the software more efficiently. Ex: project planning (WBS), scope management, risk management, cost management, time/staff managements etc. According to the literature search that has been done about those aspects the student has done the review. Software Tools and Techniques that required to this project In this project it has been decided to use following Software tools Techniques to get the output product that meets the requirements. Mark-up Language HTML ,XML,XHTML Scripting Language JAVASCRIPT,PHP Database management Software MYSQL Web Server APACHE server HTTPS Server SSL Certificate Check Out System Google Check Out HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language) HTML is universal mark up language based on SGML, to create web applications. Use to display text and pictures and graphics, to create table, frames and forms. Its enables hyper text linking whereby the text or the pictures automatically reference to other documents. The World Wide Web consortium (W3C) was formed with the charter to define the standards for HTML. The current version of HTML is 4.01. It uses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to define the layout or the appearance that displays by browsers, and it can load scripting language (Ex: Java script) to validate the users entries (W3Shcool).HTML can be edited in notepad or other software like Micro Media Dreamweaver. XHTML is the combination of HTML and XML languages, XML designed to describe the data and HTML to display the data. XHTML is properly nested language which means every open tag must have the close tag. (Chuck.M Bill.K, 2002) Screen short of Sample HTML in Micro Media Dreamweaver JavaScript JavaScript is a popular scripting language, it was designed to add interactivity to html pages, and it is a lightweight language which can be embedded within the html page. Its used to validate the form or create cookies to store in the users computers. It does not need any licence to use JavaScript. JavaScript can be used internally and externally which means JavaScript can be use in client side with HTML and in server side with PHP. (JavaScript Kit 1997-2008) Ajax PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor) PHP is a simple scripting language to create HTML contents.PHP is the language like ASP, PHP runs on all most every operating system.PHP scripts are executed on the servers including APACHE, IIS. Its support many databases such as MSQL, oracle, solid, ECT.PHP can be used in three ways as a server side scripting, command line scripting and to create client side GUI applications.( Rasmus.L and Kevin.T,2002) MYSQL MYSQL is relational database management systems (RDMBS) initially released on 23rd may 1995,that can be use to create reads and manipulate data, its popular database management software that can work on all the major operating systems, and its available for free. Apache APPACHE is a HTTP secured web server that is developed by the apache group, its on the internet since April 1996.current version of APPACHE is 2.3.6, its open source, available for free. (APPACHE.org) SSL certificate [Secured Socket Layer] The Secured Socket Layer protocol was introduced by Netscape to ensure the secure transaction between client and server, the protocol uses third party certificate authority to identify one or both end of transactions. It works on Application Layer. Its use HTTPS protocol with the SSL/TLS to provide encryption and secured identification of the server to ensure the security on World Wide Web. Check out The Client and servers the rdbms Why Database? Project management issues Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge, skills ,tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.(Schwalbe.K, 2007) In this part the student consider about the project management aspect such as scope, time and cost which is called as triple constraint in project management to create successful project. Scope management Project planning (work break down structure) TASK TASK DESCRIPTION DURATION DEPENDENCIES Milestones T1 T2 Inception Feasibility study of the proposed system. Study about e-commerce System requirement gathering and Analysis. System requirements Functional requirements Non-functional requirements 28 days 12 days T1 M1 T3 T4 Elaboration. Logical design of theSystem. Activity diagram Use case diagram Class diagram Sequence diagram Collaboration diagram Design of GUI Meet the clients and discuss the proposed system and make any necessary adjustments 14 days 3 days T2 T2, T3 M2 T5 T6 Construction Physical design of the System. Divide the system in to subsections and assign software developers to code according to the outcomes of the use case and class diagrams. System Testing unit system testing Sub system testing System testing 30 days 20 days T3,T4 T5 M3 M4 T7 Transition Deliver the system. Installation of security and backup systems Install the system and allow it to run under supervision Provide training to the users and make improvements. 14 days T6 M5 T8 Documentation Finalise documentation and commissioning of the system 14 days T6, T7 M6 Requirements analysis Time management Gantt chart Risk Management Cost Management Quality management Human resource management Logical design of the system As this is the web-based system, the logical design is going to be on the front end which is interact by the user, in this case the website its self is going to be the front end of the system and the logical design of the database which is the most challenging part of the project. These are the two major thing thats need to design logically before its start the actual designing. The number of different techniques can be used to create data modelling, but in this project the entity relationship model going to be used. (KROENKE and AUER) UML diagram Use case diagram Class diagrams Entity Relationship diagram Site map Physical design of the system front end of the system appendix A php coding [user.php] $dbhost = localhost; $dbuser = root; $dbpass = ; $conn=mysql_connect(localhost,root,); //Connecting to the database mysql_select_db(studentportal); //select database called student portal $title=$_POST[title]; //create a sql query $firstname=$_POST[firstname]; $lastname=$_POST[lastname]; $gender=$_POST[gender]; $date=$_POST[date]; $email=$_POST[email]; $country=$_POST[country]; $username=$_POST[username]; $password=$_POST[password]; $cpassword=$_POST[cpassword]; $query=INSERT INTO USER VALUES($title,$firstname,$lastname,$gender,$date,$email,$country,$username,$password,$cpassword); mysql_query($query) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_close($conn); echo you are now member of this site congrats!!; ?> window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"de6e6cfad9","applicationID":"221047987","transactionName":"bl0HMhMFDEYCWhJeWlcXMBQISwdGEFgfRBpYShEPAggHGxNRFg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1,"atts":"QhoERFsfH0g=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""} appendix b screen shorts of the system Figure11.1 screen short of index.html Figure 11.2 screen short of registration form

Moll Flanders :: Moll Flanders Essays

Moll Flanders is an excellent story about one woman's evolution from a poor economic status to a, later, mid-class caste in life. Moll Flanders used her meticulous cunning in order to survive in the 18th century. She started out with a tabula rasa, or clean slate, when she is born, but, eventually, she resorts to an immoral life in order to survive. When she learns that her husbands die very quickly, but give her money for having sex with them, she turns to a life of whoredom. This choice, however, was only done as an instinct to survive. In the 1800's, the legal system was not in a woman's favor. Women would not inherit anything when their husbands died. Which is why Moll Flanders had to resort to a life of crime after she no longer looked good enough to make a living as a whore. This all, eventually, led to her imprisonment and trip to America to live happily with her husband. Moll Flanders chose her life as a prostitute. She states on page 138: "Well, let her life have been the way it would then, it was certain that my life was very uneasy to me; for I liv'd, as I have said, but in the worst sort of whoredom, and as I cou'd expect no Good of it, so really no good issue came and all my seeming prosperity wore off and ended in misery and destruction;..." Whenever Moll would have kids she would sell them or give them away. Moll saw children as a biprouduct of having sex. The choice of going to whoredom, however, was only because she felt the need to survive. Most animals have this instinct to survive. Whenever she would marry a man he would pay her to have sex, but his life would be short. This caused her to have to find another person in order to have money to eat and a place to stay. This was because the legal system in the 18th century did not allow women to inherit anything when their spouses died. Therefore, Moll Flanders had to turn to a life of crime, at the age of forty-eight, when she could no longer earn a living having sex for money. The first time she steals something she feels guilty. She starts her career by stealing a watch from a small child, and she even contemplated killing him.

Mozart Essay examples -- essays research papers

MOZART Mozart is perhaps the greatest musical genius who ever lived. Mozart 's full name is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Most people called him Mozart or Wolfgang. Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria, January 27, 1756. Mozart is the greatest musical child prodigy who ever lived. He began composing minuets at the age of 5 and symphonies at age 9. His father took him on a series of concert tours together with his sister, Maria Anna; born four and one-half years before Mozart. She too, was a child prodigy. Both played the keyboard, but Mozart became a violin virtuoso, as well. In 1762 he and his sister, "Nannerl," as she was nicknamed, performed before the Elector of Bavaria in Munich, and at the Imperial Court in Vienna. In 1763 the Morzart's visited Mannheim. This is where Mozart, learned all about the orchestra and symphonies composed there. In London Mozart met the son of J. S. Bach. He played before distinguished audiences, and composed a sacred chorus. In 1770, he began to master the two types of Italian opera: opera buffa (comic opera) and opera seria (serious opera). In 1777, Mozart's family visited Paris. His mother fell ill and died during their visit. In 1782, Mozart married Constanze Weber against his father's wishes. In 1783, Mozart and Constanze visited Salzburg, where he helped Michael Haydn out of a difficult spo...

Fddi and Cddi

C H A P T E R 8 Chapter Goals †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Provide background information about FDDI technology. Explain how FDDI works. Describe the differences between FDDI and Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Describe how CDDI works. Fiber Distributed Data Interface Introduction The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently used as high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. It should be noted that relatively recently, a related copper specification, called Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), has emerged to provide 100-Mbps service over copper. CDDI is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. This chapter focuses mainly on FDDI specifications and operations, but it also provides a high-level overview of CDDI. FDDI uses dual-ring architecture with traffic on each ring flowing in opposite directions (called counter-rotating). The dual rings consist of a primary and a secondary ring. During normal operation, the primary ring is used for data transmission, and the secondary ring remains idle. As will be discussed in detail later in this chapter, the primary purpose of the dual rings is to provide superior reliability and robustness. Figure 8-1 shows the counter-rotating primary and secondary FDDI rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-1 Chapter 8 FDDI Transmission Media Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-1 FDDI Uses Counter-Rotating Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Secondary FDDI Concentrator WAN Standards FDDI was developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T9. 5 standards committee in the mid-1980s. At the time, high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax the bandwidth of existing local-area networks (LANs) based on Ethernet and Token Ring. A new LAN media was needed that could easily support these workstations and their new distributed applications. At the same time, network reliability had become an increasingly important issue as system managers migrated mission-critical applications from large computers to networks. FDDI was developed to fill these needs. After completing the FDDI specification, ANSI submitted FDDI to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which created an international version of FDDI that is completely compatible with the ANSI standard version. FDDI Transmission Media FDDI uses optical fiber as the primary transmission medium, but it also can run over copper cabling. As mentioned earlier, FDDI over copper is referred to as Copper-Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Optical fiber has several advantages over copper media. In particular, security, reliability, and performance all are enhanced with optical fiber media because fiber does not emit electrical signals. A physical medium that does emit electrical signals (copper) can be tapped and therefore would permit unauthorized access to the data that is transiting the medium. In addition, fiber is immune to electrical interference from radio frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI). Fiber historically has supported much higher bandwidth (throughput potential) than copper, although recent technological advances have made copper capable of transmitting at 100 Mbps. Finally, FDDI allows 2 km between stations using multimode fiber, and even longer distances using a single mode. FDDI defines two types of optical fiber: single-mode and multimode. A mode is a ray of light that enters the fiber at a particular angle. Multimode fiber uses LED as the light-generating device, while single-mode fiber generally uses lasers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-2 ct840801 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Specifications Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate through the fiber. Because these modes of light enter the fiber at different angles, they will arrive at the end of the fiber at different times. This characteristic is known as modal dispersion. Modal dispersion limits the bandwidth and distances that can be accomplished using multimode fibers. For this reason, multimode fiber is generally used for connectivity within a building or a relatively geographically contained environment. Single-mode fiber allows only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber. Because only a single mode of light is used, modal dispersion is not present with single-mode fiber. Therefore, single-mode fiber is capable of delivering considerably higher performance connectivity over much larger distances, which is why it generally is used for connectivity between buildings and within environments that are more geographically dispersed. Figure 8-2 depicts single-mode fiber using a laser light source and multimode fiber using a light emitting diode (LED) light source. Figure 8-2 Light Sources Differ for Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers Laser light source Single mode Multimode LED light source ct840802 FDDI Specifications FDDI specifies the physical and media-access portions of the OSI reference model. FDDI is not actually a single specification, but it is a collection of four separate specifications, each with a specific function. Combined, these specifications have the capability to provide high-speed connectivity between upper-layer protocols such as TCP/IP and IPX, and media such as fiber-optic cabling. FDDI’s four specifications are the Media Access Control (MAC), Physical Layer Protocol (PHY), Physical-Medium Dependent (PMD), and Station Management (SMT) specifications. The MAC specification defines how the medium is accessed, including frame format, token handling, addressing, algorithms for calculating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, and error-recovery mechanisms. The PHY specification defines data encoding/decoding procedures, clocking requirements, and framing, among other functions. The PMD specification defines the characteristics of the transmission medium, including fiber-optic links, power levels, bit-error rates, optical components, and connectors. The SMT specification defines FDDI station configuration, ring configuration, and ring control features, including station insertion and removal, initialization, fault isolation and recovery, scheduling, and statistics collection. FDDI is similar to IEEE 802. 3 Ethernet and IEEE 802. 5 Token Ring in its relationship with the OSI model. Its primary purpose is to provide connectivity between upper OSI layers of common protocols and the media used to connect network devices. Figure 8-3 illustrates the four FDDI specifications and their relationship to each other and to the IEEE-defined Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer. The LLC sublayer is a component of Layer 2, the MAC layer, of the OSI reference model. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-3 Chapter 8 FDDI Station-Attachment Types Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-3 FDDI Specifications Map to the OSI Hierarchical Model Logical link control Media access control FDDI standards Physical layer protocol Station management Physical layer medium ct840803 FDDI Station-Attachment Types One of the unique characteristics of FDDI is that multiple ways actually exist by which to connect FDDI devices. FDDI defines four types of devices: single-attachment station (SAS), dual-attachment station (DAS), single-attached concentrator (SAC), and dual-attached concentrator (DAC). An SAS attaches to only one ring (the primary) through a concentrator. One of the primary advantages of connecting devices with SAS attachments is that the devices will not have any effect on the FDDI ring if they are disconnected or powered off. Concentrators will be covered in more detail in the following discussion. Each FDDI DAS has two ports, designated A and B. These ports connect the DAS to the dual FDDI ring. Therefore, each port provides a connection for both the primary and the secondary rings. As you will see in the next section, devices using DAS connections will affect the rings if they are disconnected or powered off. Figure 8-4 shows FDDI DAS A and B ports with attachments to the primary and secondary rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-4 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-4 FDDI DAS Ports Attach to the Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Primary Port A Port B Secondary Secondary FDDI DAS An FDDI concentrator (also called a dual-attachment concentrator [DAC]) is the building block of an FDDI network. It attaches directly to both the primary and secondary rings and ensures that the failure or power-down of any SAS does not bring down the ring. This is particularly useful when PCs, or similar devices that are frequently powered on and off, connect to the ring. Figure 8-5 shows the ring attachments of an FDDI SAS, DAS, and concentrator. Figure 8-5 A Concentrator Attaches to Both the Primary and Secondary Rings FDDI Concentrator DAS SAS SAS FDDI Fault Tolerance FDDI provides a number of fault-tolerant features. In particular, FDDI’s dual-ring environment, the implementation of the optical bypass switch, and dual-homing support make FDDI a resilient media technology. ct840805 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840804 8-5 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Dual Ring FDDI’s primary fault-tolerant feature is the dual ring. If a station on the dual ring fails or is powered down, or if the cable is damaged, the dual ring is automatically wrapped (doubled back onto itself) into a single ring. When the ring is wrapped, the dual-ring topology becomes a single-ring topology. Data continues to be transmitted on the FDDI ring without performance impact during the wrap condition. Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7 illustrate the effect of a ring wrapping in FDDI. Figure 8-6 A Ring Recovers from a Station Failure by Wrapping Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A A B Failed station Station 3 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-6 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-7 A Ring also Wraps to Withstand a Cable Failure Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A Failed wiring Ring wrap A B Station 3 When a single station fails, as shown in Figure 8-6, devices on either side of the failed (or powered-down) station wrap, forming a single ring. Network operation continues for the remaining stations on the ring. When a cable failure occurs, as shown in Figure 8-7, devices on either side of the cable fault wrap. Network operation continues for all stations. It should be noted that FDDI truly provides fault tolerance against a single failure only. When two or more failures occur, the FDDI ring segments into two or more independent rings that are incapable of communicating with each other. Optical Bypass Switch An optical bypass switch provides continuous dual-ring operation if a device on the dual ring fails. This is used both to prevent ring segmentation and to eliminate failed stations from the ring. The optical bypass switch performs this function using optical mirrors that pass light from the ring directly to the DAS device during normal operation. If a failure of the DAS device occurs, such as a power-off, the optical bypass switch will pass the light through itself by using internal mirrors and thereby will maintain the ring’s integrity. The benefit of this capability is that the ring will not enter a wrapped condition in case of a device failure. Figure 8-8 shows the functionality of an optical bypass switch in an FDDI network. When using the OB, you will notice a tremendous digression of your network as the packets are sent through the OB unit. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840807 MAC 8-7 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-8 The Optical Bypass Switch Uses Internal Mirrors to Maintain a Network Station 1 Station 1 B A B A Failed station Optical bypass switch â€Å"normal configuration† Station 4 A B Optical bypass switch â€Å"bypassed configuration† Ring does not wrap Station 2 A B Station 2 A B Station 4 A B A B A B Station 3 Station 3 Dual Homing Critical devices, such as routers or mainframe hosts, can use a fault-tolerant technique called dual homing to provide additional redundancy and to help guarantee operation. In dual-homing situations, the critical device is attached to two concentrators. Figure 8-9 shows a dual-homed configuration for devices such as file servers and routers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-8 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Frame Format Figure 8-9 A Dual-Homed Configuration Guarantees Operation Concentrator Concentrator File servers Routers One pair of concentrator links is declared the active link; the other pair is declared passive. The passive link stays in backup mode until the primary link (or the concentrator to which it is attached) is determined to have failed. When this occurs, the passive link automatically activates. FDDI Frame Format The FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token Ring frame. This is one of the areas in which FDDI borrows heavily from earlier LAN technologies, such as Token Ring. FDDI frames can be as large as 4,500 bytes. Figure 8-10 shows the frame format of an FDDI data frame and token. Figure 8-10 The FDDI Frame Is Similar to That of a Token Ring Frame Data frame Preamble Start delimiter Frame control Destination address Source address ct840809 Data FCS End delimiter Frame status Token Preamble Start delimiter Frame control End delimiter FDDI Frame Fields The following descriptions summarize the FDDI data frame and token fields illustrated in Figure 8-10. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-9 Chapter 8 Copper Distributed Data Interface Fiber Distributed Data Interface †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Preamble—Gives a unique sequence that prepares each station for an upcoming frame. Start delimiter—Indicates the beginning of a frame by employing a signaling pattern that differentiates it from the rest of the frame. Frame control—Indicates the size of the address fields and whether the frame contains asynchronous or synchronous data, among other control information. Destination address—Contains a unicast (singular), multicast (group), or broadcast (every station) address. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI destination addresses are 6 bytes long. Source address—Identifies the single station that sent the frame. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI source addresses are 6 bytes long. Data—Contains either information destined for an upper-layer protocol or control information. Frame check sequence (FCS)—Is filed by the source station with a calculated cyclic redundancy check value dependent on frame contents (as with Token Ring and Ethernet). The destination address recalculates the value to determine whether the frame was damaged in transit. If so, the frame is discarded. End delimiter—Contains unique symbols; cannot be data symbols that indicate the end of the frame. Frame status—Allows the source station to determine whether an error occurred; identifies whether the frame was recognized and copied by a receiving station. †¢ †¢ Copper Distributed Data Interface Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. Like FDDI, CDDI provides data rates of 100 Mbps and uses dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI supports distances of about 100 meters from desktop to concentrator. CDDI is defined by the ANSI X3T9. 5 Committee. The CDDI standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to as the Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface (TP-DDI), consistent with the term Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). CDDI is consistent with the physical and media-access control layers defined by the ANSI standard. The ANSI standard recognizes only two types of cables for CDDI: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP). STP cabling has 150-ohm impedance and adheres to EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) specifications. UTP is data-grade cabling (Category 5) consisting of four unshielded pairs using tight-pair twists and specially developed insulating polymers in plastic jackets adhering to EIA/TIA 568B specifications. Figure 8-11 illustrates the CDDI TP-PMD specification in relation to the remaining FDDI specifications. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-10 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface Summary Figure 8-11 CDDI TP-PMD and FDDI Specifications Adhere to Different Standards FDDI Media Access Control (MAC) FDDI physical layer (PHY) FDDI Station Management (SMT) Twisted-pair wire PMD Single-mode fiber PMD Multimode fiber PMD Specification for CDDI Summary The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN architecture using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently implemented as a high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. Review Questions Q—What are the benefits of using FDDI instead of CDDI? A—Longer distance, no RFI, no EFI. Q—What role does the DAC play in the FDDI network? A—The concentrator is a dual-attachment station device and ensures that when single-attachment station devices—such as PCs—are turned off, they do not interrupt the network ring. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840811 8-11 Chapter 8 Review Questions Fiber Distributed Data Interface Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-12 1-58705-001-3

Is Everything Already Determined by Fate or God or Is There Room for Human Freedom?

Is Everything Already Determined by Fate or God or Is There Room for Human Freedom? Do we as human beings have free will or does fate or God determine everything? The human life is lived in constant interaction with a complex of forces, energies, experiences, and events. Those are so varied that it is impossible or difficult to break it down to either or a duality of free will or fate. There is a pattern of what we have done, experienced, or are a part of. Yet, we are aware that there is a greater being, one that can be called divine.In that awareness, that of the divine presence, there is always a choice and possibility to create a new self in the image of God. In the book â€Å"God and the World†, an expression in Arabic Maktub was brought up which means, â€Å"it is written†. The question that was asked to Cardinal Ratzinger was whether or not God shows us the way we have to go so that we only have to recognize what is designated for us. His reply was that in Islam i t is addressed that everything is predestined and that we in a way live in a ready-woven web. That belief is contrary to Christianity because it always considers the freedom factor.In other words, on one hand, God embraces everything; he is aware of everything and guides the course of history. However, he has so arranged it that freedom has a fit in it. (58) In my understanding, Cardinal Ratzinger’s thoughts are as follow. Destiny is not predetermined. God has given you the choice to choose the right or wrong and also your destiny. If you do what God has commanded you to do, you escape hell and destruction. When you obey God’s commands, God saves your life and gives you eternal life after the physical death of your body.Christians pray because they’re told to. God is all knowing so he does know what we want and we still pray because it shows God that we recognize him as God and that we care enough to talk to him and keep in mind. In the article â€Å"Does doubt belong in faith†, there is a passage that states â€Å"just as we have already recognized that the believer does not live immune to doubt but is always threatened by the plunge into the void, so now we can discern the entangled nature of human destinies and say that the nonbeliever does not lead a sealed-off, self-sufficient life either. This part stood out to me because we often think of great faith as something that happens naturally so that we can be used for a miracle or healing. However, the greatest faith of all, and the most effective, is to live day-by-day trusting God. The type of trust that will make us look at every problem as an opportunity to see his work in our life. I think that a person’s faith is not complete unless he knows that whatever occurs could not have missed him, and whatever misses him could not have happened him. Everything is subject to the will of God all things were created with predestination.God knew all the disasters and troubles that happen on earth, or happen to an individual, or to his wealth or family, before they happened. No matter what disasters happen to a person, it is good for him, whether he realizes that or not, because God does not command anything that is not good for us. Once a person knows that all tragedies happen by the will of God, he has to believe and submit and be patient. The position of patience in relation to this aspect of faith, in particular, is like that of the head in relation to the body. Patience is a virtuous attribute with good consequences.Those who are patient will have an unlimited reward. Believing that God predestines everything that happens will teach a person to be modest and humble. This is so because everything that he does is by the willpower of God so if he succeeds he knows that he helped him in doing it; he doesn't succeed because he is intelligent or because he is rich or because he deserves it, and, likewise, a person isn't poor because he is stupid. This stops pr ide and arrogance from sneaking to his heart because he knows that God can afflict him with harm and deprive him from the rewards he brags about.In my opinion, believing in predestination doesn't make a person grieve about anything because he doesn't say things that reflect unhappiness like â€Å"if I did such and such then such and such would have happened†. Also, he doesn't worry too much about the future because he believes that everything is already written. What he would worry about is his actions and doing well. In the bible, and according to the bible a world that believes in a predestined fatalist environment is not correct. Although, we all are predestined, God has a plan for us all.He doesn't want to force us to do anything. We have always had free will. Without free will, what is the point? That is slightly different in Islam because as Muslims, the belief is that everyone's fate, and destiny is known, and written by God. It’s acknowledged that if someone st arts out poor and ends up rich, it's not because that person earned it out of hard work, it's because God wrote his fate as starting as poor, and ending up rich. Does Doubt Belong to Faith? October 2, 2007 Edward T. Oakes, S. J.

A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis Essay Character (1309) , Charles Dickens (378) , A Tale of Two Cities (24) , Sydney Carton (12) , Charles Darnay (9) , Lucie Manette (7) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? In the novel, A Tale of Two Cities, Sydney Carton’s character went through a series of decisions that affected the outcome of the novel. Sydney Carton looks almost looks exactly the same as Charles Darnay, but the main difference, was that Darnay was sober a majority of the time, and he cared and worked for his life. Lucie, the love of Carton’s life, had fallen in love with Darnay. After Carton realized that Lucie would have picked him if he hadn’t been so slavish and drunk a majority of the time, he decided to change. He knew he had already lost Lucie, but he thought that maybe he could still use the rest of his life for the better. His decision to change was not state out right, but the events in the novel, led the reader to the conclusion, that he turned around his life for Lucie. At the beginning of the novel, when Carton is first introduced, he is sitting in the courtroom staring at the ceiling. The author made it seem like Carton did not care what was going on in the courtroom, but later the reader discovers that Carton was listening to the case the entire time. Carton had heard a flaw in the prosecutor’s plan, and he gave a note to Stryver, resulting in an acquittal, which Stryver had received full credit. As the reader continues reading, it is later discovered that Carton is the hand guiding Stryver, while Stryver is just the image. Carton never did anything for himself; because he was too busy helping others. Later in the novel, Carton planned an almost full proof plan to help Charles Darnay. Even though he had made the decision to change, and think out a plan, he never lost the characteristic of putting others before himself. Although he took the place of the Darnay, before his death, he took it for Lucie. As Carton’s character is slowly unfolded throughout the second book, the reader can conclude that Carton dislikes Darnay. Carton dislikes Darnay, because Darnay is the constant reminder to Carton of what he could have been like, if he had not made bad choices in law school and made good choices in general. Whenever Carton came over to the Manette’s home, and was in the presence of Darnay, he was even more quiet then usual. However, when he decided to turn his life around, he buried his hatred for Darnay, and treated him with respect. Even with this decision, carton could not have Lucie, but she accepted him as part of her own family, and he was content with that. At the end of the novel, Carton takes time to plan out a five-step plan to save Darnay, and ends up sacrificing himself for a man he use to hate. Part of Carton’s old personality, was that he always wore his emotions on his sleeve. He thought he was useless and he lacked self-esteem. This was shown throughout the beginning of the book, for he was a drunk resembling his worthless life. He didn’t speak in the conversation unless it was a topic that he truly cared for. Right before his change, he professed his love to Lucie. After his change, he learned to hide his emotions. Although he may not like Darnay, he kept those feelings to himself. He stayed mysterious in Book III, in order for his plan to be successful and his appearance to be surprising. The character, Sydney Carton, was given a second chance as their life was resurrected. Lucie Manette is responsible for the resurrection of Sydney Carton, for she was the inspiration that got Sydney Carton off his feet. Carton twice saves Charles Darnay even though he disliked him. Carton described himself as a wasted creature but Lucy explained that she had faith in him and that he was capable of doing better things. He ended up promising that he would do anything for her, sacrificing his life for Charles Darnay. By hiding his emotions, he was able to carry out a plan without anyone attempting to stop him. Carton strived to become a better person and change his life around because Lucie believed in him. Because of the change in Carton, Darnay’s life is spared and Carton dies with dignity, knowing his life was not a waste. A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis. (2017, Feb 21).

Beam Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Beam Theory - Assignment Example Beams are often characterized by their profile, material and length. Contemporarily, beams are made of reinforced concrete, steel, cased fluid, wood or composites in a typical construction. Some of the most common beams include wide flange beam and I-beam. These are used commonly in building steel frames and bridges. Other types of beams include pipe, C-channel, angle and hollow structural section1. This paper therefore seeks to discuss the beam theory, its document design, performance and constraints involved. Statement of problem Due to the need of a comprehensive explanation of the physics of beams as well as the intense space charge an explanation of the accelerator systems requiring adequate intensity in which mutual interaction of particles in the beam cannot be neglected, this paper is important as it is aimed to give a discussion of all these elements involved in the beam theory. There is also a need to provide a wider overview of beam dynamics. The paper will put emphasis on the analytical and theoretical methods that describe the transport and acceleration of beams. There is also a need to cover aspects of experimental and numerical methods in order to bring familiarity with the basic methods used to understand the longitudinal and transverse evolution of beams. This may enable an intense foundation in designing a practical architecture. Often beams are described in the way of their support. This support restricts rotational and/ or lateral movements in order to satisfy the conditions of stability and to limit deformations to some extent of allowance. In addition, there is need to understand how a simple beam is supported by a roller in one end and a pin in the other. One may also need to understand how a cantilever beam is established. It is the interest of this paper to also explain how an overhanging beam is formed from a support of two points with one or both ends stretched beyond supports. Beams primarily support vertical loads2. Compared to thei r span in the diagrams in engineering, they have a small cross section. Document design Beams are vital class of the structural elements. The major function of constructing structures is to enable support of the space that encloses the elements such as roofs, floors and walls. Beams are often horizontal to support such elements. The behavior of any structure of a building can get complicated; however, sub structures such as horizontal elements that are associated with roofs and floors, and vertical structures identified with the walls can be identified. The horizontal elements include space frames; trusses, beams and slabs, and the vertical elements include walls, columns and lift cores3. The external bonding of reinforced strips of fiber plastic and reinforced concrete beams are broadly accepted as an effective and efficient method for upgrading and strengthening members. A growth in the exponential research has been observed due to the attention paid to the strengthening area of s tructures through reinforced strips of fiber plastic. The objective of the study is to enhance mechanical performance of the reinforced concrete. In order to prove the results of the research, the method of the finite element will be used to analyze the principal of inter-laminar, distribution of the normal stress and shear along the reinforced strips of fiber plastic and concrete4. Performance requirement The performance requirement of beams and engineering structures are more ambitious.