Guitar theory

However, some exercises are considered to be good for warming up. Warm up exercise 1 This is a nice warm-up exercise that takes you through a great set of stretches. As with any warm-up exercise, take it slow and work up to playing it in time. This exercise is inspired by recommendations by Eric Vandenberg on how to warm-up for them slow!! I play the first 8 bars as chords. I repeat the 8 first bars one fret down, and continue own until I can't stretch it no more.Hence, the tab is more like an outline. My rather small hands are limiting my stretching abilities, and that's why I focus on these exercises also. Bar 9 etc I play note by note. It is still a good stretching exercise, but I can't finger them as chords. Warm up exercise 2 This is a nice warm-up exercise that takes you through 4 notes per string chromatics to 2 notes per string in different fret skipping patterns and finally arpeggiated triplets. This is intended as a warm-up so take it at a relaxing pace with no metronome. L et it get the blood flow moving to your fingers.Try using different finger combinations (1 and 2, 2 and 3,3 and 4, 1 and 3, 2 and 4). The last part will give nice stretches for your fingers. The parts in bar IO- 15 will also give nice stretches if you use adjacent fingers (1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4). Warm up exercise 3 This exercise was specifically designed as a warm-up exercise. It is intended to stretch your fretting hand and work different finger separations. Take it slow as you should during the warm-up stage of your practice session. Warm up exercise 4 The key purpose of a warm-up exercise is in my opinion to stretch the fingers a little.It's important to do something simple (like walking / light Jogging) before the real work-out starts, and not do something difficult as the warm-up. This easy little stretching exercise should be easy to remember. It starts with a GmaJ7 chord. Then the first finger is lowered down to 1st fret, forming a 67 chord. This gives a good stretch betw een the 1st and 2nd finger. Then the second finger is moved down to the 2nd fret, forming a G7b5 chord. The stretch is now between the 2nd and 3rd finger. The next step is to lower the 3rd finger one fret, forming a Gm7b5 chord.Stretch is now between 3rd and 4th finger. Finally the 4th finger is lowered 1 fret, forming a F#maJ7 chord. Repeat this exercise by starting a fret higher (G#maJ7), or by reversing the progress from the F#maJ7 back to the GmaJ7 chord a few times. You may strum all the chord notes at once or play each note of the chord by alternate picking or by sweeping. Do to my rather small hands I normally start this exercise one octave higher than written in the tab and work my way down rather than working my way up as written in the tab.Warm up exercise 5 Another possible warm up exercise is the so-called spider. Try starting with both an p-stroke and down-stroke (as indicated in the tab). This is really a left hand finger-strength exercise that can be used in the end o f the warm up part of you exercise. Hammer-on all notes in this exercise. Returning by using pull-offs (pull-off with the first finger to an open string) would be a good additional exercise to this one. Warm up exercise 7 Synchronization Exercises In order to play technical difficult stuff, it is very important that both hands are synchronized.The synchronization exercises are intended to improve your synchronization between your left and right hands. The exercises are working on your picking, left hand finger coordination and on your timing. The technique is an important basis to be able to play your musical ideas out on the guitar. You should start your speed improvement by working with these exercises first. Use your metronome. Start slow and get it accurate. Then increase speed. J] Sync 1 A chromatic 16th note exercise. Four notes up four notes down per string. This is a chromatic 16th note exercise.

Why Did William Win The Battle of Hastings? Essay

William won the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He won because of his planning and leadership as well luck and having a big and strong army. Planning helped William a lot because he knew that if he made Harold Godwinson and his Saxon army travelled from the north of England to the south of England, where the Normans had set their camp up, then the Saxons would be very tired whilst the Normans would be rested. He also knew that once the bad winds had stopped, his army could cross safely without the Saxons to stop them for they were in the north of England fighting Harold Hadrada. This was also to do with luck. Whilst the battle was going on, William thought up a plan. He ordered his men to pretend to retreat down the hill and used the rumor of him being dead to help him as well. William’s leadership and skill helped him a lot because he commanded his men very well and had an army eager to fight. William kept control all through the battle by speaking to his troops and fighting at the front. He had also gotten the pope, Alexander II to support him. William was given a banner from the pope saying that William’s attack on England was a holy crusade, which is another word for battle. Harold Godwinson had also shown great skill because he had positioned his men on Senlac hill, which made it harder for the Normans to get to them, and commanded his me to form a large shield wall that protected them from the Normans. Although he had made some mistakes. When Harold had heard that William had landed on the other side of England, he had decided to go straight to him and gather some troops instead of waiting for a bigger army and getting a short rest. He had also not thought about the Normans’ arrows, as they were long range, so they could pick off Saxons at a long distance Preparation played a part in Williams’s victory because he had set up a camp for his army and made sure his men trained for the battle. They also had time to rest and gather food in preparation. Harold Godwinson and his army had less time to prepare and were extremely tired as they had to walk to the south of England. They had less time to prepare food and spent the night without sleep or rest. Luck helped William a little bit because the bad weather stopped while Harold Godwilson was fighting Harold Hadrada. Harold Godwinson was lucky as well because if the bad winds had stopped earlier then he would have to have fought two battles. Luck also helped William because there was a rumor going around that he was killed in battle and his  men started retreating, but then William lifted his visor and the Norman army charged back up Senlac Hill. William kept using that on all sides of the hill. William won because of his planning and leadership. If William had not planned then he might not have won the battle and his men would have gone charging straight into the battle and the Saxons would have killed them all. If William did not have good leadership either, then his troops will not of been well disciplined and well trained and it is likely that he would not of fought in the front and his men would’ve lost concentration. A lot of people thought that luck was one of the main things that cause William to win the battle of Hastings but I don’t because if William had gone into battle with bad leadership and no planning then it would be possible that the rumor never happened because the Normans would have been defeated for they were not ready. Luck did help though because the bad wind stopped so that William could land whilst Harold Godwilson was fighting.

Sustainablity Marketing Plan -- 3M Corporation Speech or Presentation

Sustainablity Marketing Plan -- 3M Corporation - Speech or Presentation Example Currently, it is one of the premier manufacturing corporations. The corporation manufactures diversified products including more than 60000 different products which are observed to dominate in their respective markets. The corporation operates with 81 manufacturing sites in 28 states in the United States of America. 3M operates in more than 133 manufacturing and converting facilities in over 60 nations globally (3M Company, â€Å"Inspired innovation†). The corporation is engaged in various technology oriented segments. It manufactures products for wide-range of industries such as transportation, healthcare, safety, security and protection services, consumer and office, displays and graphics as well as electro and communication businesses. In addition to this, the corporation sells its products through various channels such as through the involvements of distributors, wholesalers, retailers, dealers, as well as directly to the costumers nationally and internationally across the world (Reuters, â€Å"Profile: 3M Co (MMM)†). Thesis Statement The discussion intends to critically identify the initiatives of 3M Corporation for ensuring sustainable growth and economic progress. It also intends to provide sustainable marketing plan for the corporation keeping in consideration the integral aspects such as promotion. Marketing Mission and Corporate Sustainability 3M Corporation is a global manufacturer and technology innovator successfully operating across the world primarily in six different operation segments. The corporation’s prime mission is to earn customer loyalty and respect by effectively differentiating it from its competitors. Moreover, the company is determined to operate with uncompromising authenticity and integrity in its all operational activities. It also aims at satisfy diverse customers with innovative technologies and superior quality products and services. Furthermore, it intends to place deep respects for its investors and provi de them high and attractive returns through sustainable and global growth. The corporation in relation to its mission concentrates on continuous development of social, physical and economic environment around the world. Least but not last, the company intends to develop employees skills and leadership qualities through its continuous initiatives (3M Company, â€Å"Sustaining Future†). The corporation’s sustainability strategies are primarily focused on customers’ satisfaction and its overall commercial success within social, economic and environmental values and frameworks. Its strategies are directed towards promoting healthy environment and safety measures at its different locations worldwide. The corporation’s sustainability strategies also emphasize on pollution prevention endeavors through continuous development of new and efficient technologies and products to be offered to its wide range of customers. As a part of its sustainability strategies its focuses on acquiring and retaining a pool of competent and skilled workforce as

Environmental Scanning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Environmental Scanning - Assignment Example Strategic partners are now tasked with the duty of revisiting the policies that they have established to fight bullying and taunting both on the field, and out of the field by its players. This is more so because the report sanctioned by the league in February showed that Martin had been bullied and taunted by his teammates in multiple instances (Associated Press, 2014). Though the Miami Dolphins are on the spot, they are not the only club which has been involved in cases of bullying and taunting. Other teams also have to keenly go through their policies as well, to ensure that all their players maintain proper behaviour that does not discriminate against any other players they are in contact with. As the Wall Street Journal reported in February, League executives are in agreement that steps need to be taken to ensure that similar incidences are curbed, and change the culture of football (Associated Press, 2014). Stakeholders in the sport have had to re-evaluate the efforts they have in position to mitigate the form of violence that bullying and taunting is. As a football club, Miami Dolphins needs to enforce stricter measures in order for the players in their club to feel safer while they play the game. Legal constraints and protections would help other players who might be sourced after to join the club. Stricter measures will also give their players better chances of advancing their careers since they will not be stigmatized as a team that tolerates violent

Explanation of a Professional Soldier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Explanation of a Professional Soldier - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that profession has internal monitoring methods, internal policing systems such as the State Medical Board, or the American Bar Council, whose aim is to protect both the general public and the standards of their chosen vocation. It means being skilled, trained, and academically prepared for work. Someone just calling himself a professional does not make them so – their ability requires proof – which is why so many professionals display certificates and diplomas in their offices. The wider society is reliant upon professionals and the standards they achieve and maintain. The individuals concerned develop expertise in their chosen field and then use that ability in the interests of individuals and of society. There are of course craftspeople who are also trained, and even certified to carry out their work, but there are subtle differences. If a carpenter, for instance, makes a substandard piece of furniture, either he won’t be able to sell it or someone who does buy will eventually find fault with it. If on the other hand, the person is a medical professional or a lawyer, then his or her incompetence will impact negatively in a more serious way upon the lives of others, as well as perhaps resulting in him being judged incapable by a professional body and may be banned from practicing. A soldier is most simply someone who belongs to an army, someone who follows the profession of arms, in particular, combat on land. They are one of much military personnel serving together as part of a team and with a particular place in a hierarchy. As a group, they provide the society to which they have linked the security and protection that they are unable to provide for themselves. A soldier may have enlisted voluntarily, or been compelled in some way to serve, as when soldiers are called to serve their country in a time of war. Almost always they wear the insignia and uniform of that country as well as of the parti cular corps, regiment or another part of the army to which they belong. They are expected at all times:- To live, act and speak in a manner which leaves no doubt that they adhere to the traditions of the United States army; their mission of resisting enemy attempts †¦. Whether a relatively new recruit or along officer of high rank, and whatever his specialization or assigned task, whether radio operator or engineer, sapper or cook, he is still basically a soldier. Usually, he is paid for his services – the word soldier has its roots in the Latin word Solidum or pay. What does a soldier do? He does whatever is required of him by his leaders –to produce strategies to attack enemies, to defend places and people, to guard and protect, to act as peacekeepers and police – all of these can be aspects of the profession of arms. Signing up as a soldier means agreeing to do these things in a whole variety of situations - at home and abroad. Serving as a professional soldier brings these two complementary aspects of the phrase ‘professional soldier ‘ together. Professionals earn status and the trust of their clientele through their continual maintaining of high standards. Their clientele trusts them to act on their behalf. The document from the United States Army, ‘

Thins Fall Apart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thins Fall Apart - Essay Example The level of detachment achieved by the author in describing the life before colonialism is commendable. The theme of the book and the author’s attitude towards the theme both evoke curiosity. Without giving too much room for sentimentalism, he details the state of affairs in the country, and is not interested in creating a rosy picture out of love for his country. He states the facts, and describes the shortcomings of his people, mentions about fierce tribal wars, day to day violence and the resultant suffering. He also mentions that the uniting factor amongst the people is social coherence, deep-rooted faith in ritualism and extraordinary traditions, the importance of which is difficult to quantify but highly respected and followed by the people. What is the importance of the customs and traditions of Igbo society and how they are reflected in the day to day life and dispositions of the Nigerian tribal community? The importance of various segments of culture has a deep impac t on the Nigerian society and their inner world responds to its richness and beauty. Referring to the role of music Chinua Achebe(1994, p.4) writes, â€Å"The total effect was gay and brisk, but if one picked out the flute as it went up and down and then broke up into short snatches, one saw that there was sorrow and grief there.†Through this observation, the author states in his own style and reveal about the societal conditions and its impact on the common man, meaningfully. How the traditional families functioned—study Okonkwo’s life for example! He was a self-made man, but he was unhappy affected much by the poor image his father had in the Igbo society. He tried to overcome that inferiority complex with great efforts, achieved matchless prosperity, and enjoyed great reputation in the village. His physical assets added to his popularity and the awe and esteem in which the people held him. About his physical prowess the author( p.3) writes, â€Å"â€Å"It w as this man Okonkwo threw in a fight which the old men agreed was one of the fiercest since the founder of their town engaged a spirit of the wild for seven days and seven nights.† His anger seized his personality and he lost control over his normal speech and donned a violent mood. The role of the superstitions in the life of people touched great heights. Whether the personal traits dominated the superstitions, or the superstitions contributed to the formation of the personal traits was a difficult question to answer. Both co-existed and exerted mutual influence. As for Okonkwo, it was rooted in his ancestry. The author observes that he suffered from a sort of inferiority complex, about resemblance to his father, which he thought was a sign of backwardness. Each section of the society, men women and children had some superstition or the other to hang on, and their origin was difficult to trace. The basis of their continuance was faith, with no convincing logical explanations. The author cites one such example, amongst the womenfolk. Worshipping the trees was common with them and they believed that the tree was the abode of good children waiting to be born and they sat under the shades of the trees. Colonialism impacted the cultural traditions of Igbo tribe in a big way and it was a well-planned

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Sustainability - Essay Example In the paper a new design of wheelchair has been proposed to provide solution to the problem. Many handicapped people live alone and it becomes difficult for them to get help for every specific movement at their home. They need a system to help them to reach high things on shelves and they want a system which enables easy movement on stairs. In the paper, a new design of wheelchair has been suggested which will help people moving on wheelchair in the following manner - The paper tries to understand the specification of current model and recommends modifications and changes in suggested model to enhance sustainability to provide improved movement to handicapped in home and outside without taking help of anybody else. The design uses battery operated system for movement and suggests further development of system based on renewable sources of energy such as solar energy. Sustainability or sustainable development is significant as it has integrated human development (Bell & Morse, 2003). The decisive role of companies to get sustainability has been discussed on strategic level (Hart, 1995, 1997; Roome, 1998) and instrumental level (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2000; Bennett and James, 1999). Sustainability requires balanced operational conception, integrated operation conception and integrated strategic conception. In the paper the sustainability of the design of a wheelchair used by handicapped people has been discussed. Some of the key factors contributing to product innovation are industrialization, open market and a need for high quality products from customer. Design parameters in the current system include the wheels, the sensors to initiate movement of wheels based on weight change and the battery operated motor. Attachments for increasing the height of chair - The stair climbing wheelchair should be able to balance on two wheels in order to raise the chair’s height and enable the user to reach things at a height. The new

Effect of the Swine flu pandemic on the tourist industry in the US and Research Paper

Effect of the Swine flu pandemic on the tourist industry in the US and Europe - Research Paper Example Theoretical Framework The theoretical perspective used in this study is the vulnerability of the marketability of the tourism industry to abrupt alterations in market views. Natural or human-made acts can change the marketability, appeal, and popularity of the most well-known tourism destinations drastically (Beirman, 2003). Occurrences, such as pandemics, which harm the potential of a destination, may lead to significant economic disorder. For individuals, this event may lead to poverty and job loss (Page, 2011). Nevertheless, a small number of travelers/tourists will take into account these repercussions in their destination preferences. Their major concern is to visit a tourism destination gratifying their personal aspirations with the least obstacles or risks to their health and security. Research Questions The primary research question of this study is: what is the effect of the swine flu pandemic on the tourism industry of the United States and Europe? In answering this researc h question, the number of visitor arrivals in tourisms destinations in the U.S. and Europe before, during, and after the swine flu pandemic will be considered.

Alison Nieves Will Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alison Nieves Will Analyses - Essay Example The essay "Alison Nieve’s Will Analyses" presents the analyses of Alison Nieve’s Will. The first clause in Alison Nieve’s Will is a standard provision pursuant to Section 20 of the Wills Act 1837 as amended. Section 20 provides for the revocation of an existing will by the execution of another Will. The second clause of the Will provides for the appointment of Simon Landsford and Asif Khan as co-trustees and co-executors of the Neive’s Will and with those appointments, there are responsibilities and obligations which as explained in greater detail below.The gift to Sarah of 50,000 pounds doesn't impose upon Simon Landsford and Asif Khan the role of trustees. The power to transfer the sum of 50,000 pounds is founded on their respective capacities as executors of Nieve’s Will. It is clear that Neive does not intend that Sarah take the funds as an absolute gift. Neive’s sole intention was the creation of a purpose trust with Sarah acting as trus tee. In order for a trust to be fully constituted and capable of enforcement it must contain three certainties. Three certainties are certainty of intention, objects and subject matters. The trust property is commonly referred to as the subject, intention refers to the words and conduct that is capable of identifying the donor’s intention to create a trust and the objects refer to the intended beneficiaries. The difficulty with this trust is that Samuel, the object of the trust is not a human beneficiary.

The American Experience from 1865 to 1945 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The American Experience from 1865 to 1945 - Essay Example The premise of the poem was even used in soap advertisements that encouraged "white people to teach cleanliness to other races" (Pears soap ad. 1890's) American foreign policy seems to follow the suggestions in Kipling's poem. The United States has sent troops to several countries that were in the midst of civil war. It seems as if the United States has taken on the role of a world police force and food aid provider to poorer nations. Often times the United States has used force to destroy the infrastructures of other countries to turn around and flood that country with aid to rebuild that same infrastructure. America is very much the richer nation taking care of the poorer nations. The American's have taken on the "white man's burden" by spreading democracy and tackling human rights issues. Progressivism in the United State began as a political solution to many of society's ills such as child labor laws and woman's suffrage. The most notable person in the progressive party was Theodore Roosevelt (u-s-history.com). The progressive party advocated for many human rights reforms such as lower taxes for persons with lower incomes, nationalizing utilities and introduced collective bargaining and farm relief. The progressive party may have been popular among black Americans as they benefited the most from these reforms.

Ethical Dilemmas and Cultural Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical Dilemmas and Cultural Issues Essay 29 year old Sakura has been brought to counseling by a concerned neighbor because she believes Sakura is suffering from depression. She is listless and silent, and prone to staring in to space. During the course of the counseling sessions, it was discovered that Sakura’s husband has been violent towards her recently. Sakura is Japanese and has migrated to California two years ago, here she met and married an American husband. Sakura refuses to tell authorities because she is ashamed that her family in Japan would discover the failure of her marriage. She clearly tells the counselor that no one should know of the state of her relationship with her husband. A counselor is ethically obligated to inform authorities about the abusive nature of the relationship but she is also obligated to respect her client’s wishes. Framework for Ethical Decision Making (Velasquez, M. , Moberg, D. , Meyer, M. J. , Shanks, T. ,. McLean, M. R. , DeCosse, D. , Andre, C. , and Hanson, K. O. , 2009) Recognize an Ethical Issue Psychologists cannot break client-therapist confidentiality; Sakura has clearly expressed that her problems in marriage must be kept confidential and believes that her husband’s temperament is just being affected by his problems at work and the situation between them can be resolved. The counselor feels conflicted because the situation involves actual and potential risk for the client. Get the Facts Sakura is being verbally and physically abused when her husband is incited to anger by small things, like unwashed laundry or bland food. She sometimes gets bruises when her husband grabs he arms and shakes her or pushes her around. Sakura feels miserable at the state of her marriage but she was raised to be a loyal wife to her husband. The Japanese value a good marriage and frown upon divorce and marital problems. The Japanese believe marital problems must be resolved at home and must not be publicly acknowledged. This must be dealt with in therapy sessions sensitive to her culture and to her way of thinking. She must learn to value herself more than valuing the opinion of others. Evaluate Alternative Actions The counselor may decide to first try to convince Sakura of the unreasonable aspects of her situation. An establishment of a high sense of self-worth in therapy can ideally enable her get out of the abusive relationship by her own accord. However, when the danger is imminent and when it is clear that her husband is escalating in violence towards Sakura then the first area of concern would be to notify authorities to stop the abuse. Make a Decision and Test It The therapist can decide to tell the authorities about the nature of the situation, testing a decision can involve looking at the possible outcomes should the decision be executed. All other approaches must be considered; a useful exercise would be asking the question â€Å"what If I told someone I respect-or told a television audience-which option I have chosen, what would they say? † considering different perspectives is vital in making the choice. Act and Reflect on the Outcome Implement the decision, tell the authorities and monitor the outcome, Sakura must be guided in therapy and offered psychological support at all times. Reference: Velasquez, M. , Moberg, D. , Meyer, M. J. , Shanks, T. ,. McLean, M. R. , DeCosse, D. , Andre, C. , and Hanson, K. O. , (2009). A framework for ethical decision making. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University.

The Spiritual Autobiography Essay Example for Free

The Spiritual Autobiography Essay One of the fascinating characteristics of Japanese religion is the syncretism of its traditional religions, foremost of which are Zen Buddhism and Shinto. In Journey In Search of the Way: The Spiritual Autobiography of Satomi Myodo, Satomi gives a mesmerizing look into the spirituality of Japan, through the eyes of what seems at first an unlikely witness. Satomi’s experiences are untypical for a Japanese woman in the Meiji era, considering that she was the only daughter of her parents. Petty (2004) argues that by being an only child, Satomi received her parents’ whole investment of expectations and dreams, a burden of responsibility in any society. Thus she was subjected to experiences that a village girl at that time would normally not have, such as her education in Tokyo, her subsequent unwed pregnancy or her arrangement as a Kageki actress. Her unique encounters as both a Shinto miko and a Zen nun are an insight to the mixture of the two religions in modern Japan. When Satomi first engaged in ascetic practices, she was doing it to prepare herself to become a miko. Initially, she was not satisfied with her experience, rather describing herself afterwards as no better off than she was before. This purification process is not unique to the Shinto religion, but her struggles can be classified as more of a shamanistic nature reflecting her encounters with the kami. Satomi continued to engage in an ascetic lifestyle afterwards, in her discovery of Zen. According to Nixon (2000) â€Å"At this point Satomi’s asceticism is less severe, and she consciously relates it to her practice of meditation, but it serves a similar function – i. e. , one of deliberately frustrating a lower level structure of dependency, in order that the dynamisms of a higher level of personality might emerge, as indeed they do with her first kensho experience. † (par. 14). Although she found true enlightenment and spiritual invigoration in the practice of Zen, her initial experience in purifying the spirit with Shinto has given her prior introduction to the life she will lead as a Zen nun. Additionally, Satomi’s failures and accomplishments in her role as a woman in the Meiji-era society gave her the character and persistence needed in her pursuit of satori. By practicing zazen, Satomi found great peace and joy, something she was searching for since the very beginning. It can be argued, however, that her Shinto preparation was a stepping stone towards finding enlightenment. Her first kensho experience, at fifty-nine years old came late in life, and her dedication towards this experience made her a model of achievement in any religious path. Zen and Shinto were at the time of Satomi separated, with Shinto following the Kannagara no michi tradition that was used in pre-war Japan to instill a nationalistic spirit on the Japanese. From the start however, the influence of Buddhism on Shinto is apparent and the best example would be the description of Kannagara no michi as teaching a primal state of natural and spontaneous harmony with the kami, to which one might return by abandoning human desire and artificiality. This incorporation of beliefs is characteristic of the faith of modern Japanese people today, which take Shinto and Buddhist teachings as part of the culture and spirituality of Japan. Satomi’s account is clear and vivid, giving justice to the setting and context of her life’s story. The Journey In Search of the Way: The Spiritual Autobiography of Satomi Myodo is a very good reading on the religions of Japan, and especially in relation to the role given to women. R E F E R E N C E Nixon, Laurence. (2000). A Dabrowskian Analysis of a Japanese Buddhist Nun [Electronic Version]. The Dabrowski Newsletter, 6(2). Petty, Genevieve. (2004). A Wild Woman in Buddhism: A Critique of the Life of Satomi Myodo. Retrieved April 7, 2007, from http://poeme. memory-motel. net/academic/satomi. pdf

Strategies of Financial Forecasting at Strident Marks

Strategies of Financial Forecasting at Strident Marks Financial Forecasting Role of Financial Statements Forecasting The role of financial statement forecasting at Strident Marks is to provide expected future financial statements based on conditions that management expects to exist and the action it expects to take. These statements offer financial managers insight into the prospective future financial condition and performance of the company. Financial statement includes income statement and balance sheet. (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Development of Income Statement Forecast The income statement forecast is a summary of a Strident Marks expected revenues and expenses over some future period, ending with the net income for the period. The sales forecast is the key to scheduling production and estimating production costs. The detailed analysis of purchases, production based wages and overhead costs helps to produce the most accurate forecasts. The costs of good sold are forecasted on the basis of past ratios of cost of goods sold to sales. Following this the selling, general and administrative expenses are forecasted. The estimates of these expenses are fairly accurate because they are generally calculated in advance. Usually, these expenses are not sensitive to the changes in sale, specifically to the reduction in sales in the very short run. After this other income and expenses along with interest expenses are estimated to obtain the net income before taxes. Next to this income taxes are computed based on the applicable tax rate, which is then deducted to arrive at estimated net income after taxes. All of these are then combined into an income statement. Anticipated dividends are deducted from profit after taxes to give the expected increase in retained earnings. This anticipated increase need to agree with the balance sheet forecast figures that are developed next. Development of Balance Sheet Forecast To prepare balance sheet forecast for a particular period say for June 30, Strident Marks utilizes the balance sheet of the previous December 31. Receivables at June 30 can be estimated by adding to the receivable balance at December 31, the total projected credit sales from January through June (for which the estimation is done) and deducting the total projected credit collection for the particular period. Forecasting Assets: In the absence of cash budget, the receivable balance can be estimated on the basis of a receivable turnover ratio. This ratio, which depicts the relationship between credit sales and receivables, should be based on past experience. To obtain the estimated level of receivables, projected credit sales are simply divided by the turnover ratio. If the sales forecast and turnover ratio are realistic, the method will produce a reasonable approximation of receivable balance. The estimated investment in the inventories for a particular period may be based on the production schedule, which in turn is based on the sales forecast. This schedule should represent expected purchases, the expected use of inventory in the production and the expected level of finished goods. On the basis of this information along with the beginning inventory level, an inventory forecast can be made (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Estimates of future inventory can be based on an inventory turnover ratio, instead of the use of production schedule,. This ratio is applied in the similar manner as for the receivables, except that now we solve for the ending inventory position. Inventory Turnover Ratio = cost of goods sold (Ending) Inventory Future net fixed asset are estimated by adding planned expenditures to existing net fixed assets and subtracting from this sum the book value of any fixed assets sold along with depreciation during the period. Fixed assets are fairly easy to forecast because capital expenditure are planned in advance. Forecasting Liabilities and Shareholder Equity: for instance if the company wants to estimate the liabilities for June 30, the accounts payable are estimated by adding the projected purchases for January through June and deducting total projected cash payments for purchases for the period to the balance of December 31. The calculation of the accrued wages and expenses is based on the production schedule and the historical relationship between these accruals and production. The shareholders equity at June 30 will be equity at December 31 plus profits after taxes for the period minus the amount of dividends paid. Generally cash and notes payable (short term bank borrowings) serve as balancing factors in the preparation of forecast balance sheets, whereby assets and liabilities plus shareholders’ equity are brought into balance. Once all the components of the balance sheet are estimated, they are combined into a balance sheet format. (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Importance of Financial Statement Forecast The information that goes into a cash budgets can be used to prepare forecast financial statements. Financial mangers can make direct estimates of all the items on the balance sheet by projecting financial ratios into the future and then making estimates on the basis of these ratios. Receivables, inventories, accounts payable and accrued wages and expenses are frequently based on historical relationships to sales and production when a cash budget is not available. Forecast statements allow us to study the composition of expected future balance sheets and income statements. Financial ratios are computed for analysis of the statements; these ratios and the raw figures may be compared with those for present and past financial statements. Using this information, the financial manager can analyze the direction of change in the financial condition and performance of the company over the past, the present and the future. If the firm is accustomed to making accurate estimates, the preparation of a cash budget, forecast statements or both forces it to plan ahead and to coordinate policy in the various areas of operation. Continual revision of these forecasts keeps the company alert to changing conditions in its environment and in its internal operations. In addition, forecast statements can even be constructed with selected items taking on a range of probable values rather than single point estimates. (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008) Comparison between financial statement forecasting process and budgeting process The budgeting process starts with forecasting of future income statements. These statements are made on monthly or weekly basis and may stretch for twelve months in the future. Both budgeting and forecasting are important management tools that we use to anticipate needs and avoid crisis. (Laura, 2000) Budgeting process gives us information about only the prospective future cash position of the company, whereas forecast statements embody expected estimates of all assets and liabilities as well as of the income statement items. The key differences between budgeting process and forecasting are as follows: The budget obtained by budgeting process is generally more detailed than a forecast. Expenditures are more specifically matched to sources of income in a budget than in a forecast. Budgeting is a tool for management to achieve the objectives, whereas, forecasting is a used by management to formulate the budget. Budgeting is related to future definite period only, whereas, forecasting is related to past, present and future for pure estimation. Budgeting is dependent on forecasting but forecasting is not dependent on the budgeting. The preparation of budgets ids essential to achieve the production targets but the forecasting is essential to prepare a business budget. Budgets are quantitative, whereas, forecasting is qualitative in nature. Budgeting is a business process for management whereas forecasting is a mental process for management. The success of budgeting is dependent on sound forecasting whereas, success of forecasting is dependent on proper use and analysis of scientific and statistical methods. Budgeting process starts after forecasting while the forecasting is a pre process of budgeting. Budgeting is a standard itself whereas forecasting helps in preparing budget as a standard. Budgeting highlights the whole business while the forecasting helps the budget to highlight the business. (Khan, Jain, 2002) References Horne, J.C., Wachowicz, J.M. Bhaduri, S.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Financial Management. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Khan, M.Y. Jain, P.K. (2002). Financial Management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. Laura, E. (2000). Budgeting for the Future: Why Firms Need to Forecast and Budget Their Cash Flows. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.allbusiness.com/accounting-reporting/budget-budget-forecasting/622015-1.html

Angola Millennium Goals Report 2010 Essay -- Goal Analysis

CONTENT 1. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦3 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 3. 2.a. United Nations - Millennium Development Goals Project.......................................4 4. 2.b. Angola †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 5. The first goal †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 6. 3.a What is the goal ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 7. 3.b. Angola`s targets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 8. 3.c.Angola`s challenges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 9. 3.d. Will Angola complete the goal †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 10. 4.The sixth goal †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................6 11. 4.a.What is the goal ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..6 12. 4.b.1. Angola`s target †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...............................6 13. 4.b.2.Angola`s progress†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............................6 14. 4.c. Angola`s challenges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.............................7 15. 4.d.WillAngolacompletethegoal †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........................7 16. 5.Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....................7 17. References list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 1. Abstract There are many regions of Africa involved in war, from the Ivory Coast in the west to sub Saharan Africa. Many of the issues are occur in Africa such as violence, AIDS/HIV diseases, poverty, famine, ethnic or religious conflict, corruption, and economic stagnation .This report analyses two goals from the Millennium Development Goals Project through Angola`s efforts to reach them(United Nation 2010 ). The aim of this paper is to explain the Millennium Development Goals in Angola as an underdeveloped country with a focus on two goals. The first one is reduction of e... ...ewed 17 June 2010 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html. ‘Litigation Report Corruption in Angola - A Human Rights Violation’, December 2008,pp 1-54 viewed 20 June 2010. . MDG Monitor 2010, ‘Tracking the millennium Development Goals‘, viewed 22 JUNE 2010, ‘National strategy plan on HIV-AIDS’, 2008, pp. 1- 49, viewed 17 June 2010 http://www.womenandaids.net/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=02a80000-587a../pdf United Nation 2010, ‘The Millennium Development Goals’, viewed 10 June 2010. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/. ‘The Millennium Development Goals report’ 2008, United Nation, viewed 10 June 2010. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/The%20Millennium%20Development%20Goals%20Report%202008.pdf.

Good Citizen vs. Good Man :: essays research papers

Good Citizen vs. Good Man The good man and the good citizen are not one and the same. What can be said about one cannot be necessarily said about the other. It is essential for the good man to be a good citizen. It is not, though, vital for the good citizen to be a good man. This distinction is important to make, because it helps one understand that the qualities a good man possesses far supersede those of a good citizen. A good citizen does what is best for the community, his city. As long as he is no harm to his surroundings, and cares for the improvement and betterment of his city, he is a good citizen. Who a person is doesn't greatly affect what kind of citizen he will be. What if a man is a secret murderer? If we were to say that he only kills people outside of his city, would he be affecting the city in any way? If he was a great politician and lived this secret life as well would he still be a great citizen? The answer is yes. This is because the good citizen doesn't have to care about others. He can a llow his desires to overpower his calculating. He doesn't have to have a well-ordered soul. In other words, he doesn't have to be a good man. Aristotle chooses to search for the difference between the good man and the good citizen by examining and analyzing their virtues. He concludes that, "Hence, the virtue of a citizen must be suited to his constitution. Consequently, if indeed there are several kinds of constitution, it is clear that there cannot be a single virtue that is the virtue-of a good citizen. But the good man, we say, does express a single virtue: the complete one. Evidently, then, it is possible for someone to be a good citizen without having acquired the virtue expressed by a good man" (1276b). What Aristotle doesn't tell us is who is better off. Is it sufficient to be the good citizen or is it definitely more satisfying to be the good man? The good man is recognizably superior to the good citizen. The good man possesses everything that is good. He does wha t is just and what is just is beneficial to himself and to those around him. His soul is completely well-ordered and, therefore, cannot allow for his desires to take over and commit evil or injustice of any kind.

The Truth to the Puritanism Lifestyle in American Literature Essays

The Truth to the Puritanism Lifestyle in American Literature There are many suspicions about weather Puritanism is accurately depicted in books. This should clear things up a bit. The depiction of the puritan life style in American Literature is in some ways inaccurate but it is mostly accurate. The Puritans' were very religious but their family and social traditions were vaguely addressed. In literature such as The Scarlet Letter, The Crucible, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", "The Devil and Tom Walker", the Puritan lifestyle is mostly accurately depicted even though some things were left out. These accurate depictions and mostly reflected in crime and punishment, good and evil in society, religious influence, and family and social traditions. In literature, such as The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible, crime and punishment were depicted as harsh and unusual, and they were in some cases but, in many cases the punishments were suitable to the crime committed. There is however truth to the stories, there were public confessions, and public punishments. Crimes were not as heavily judged by biblical standards as The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible lead the reader to believe. Judges were not quite as amiss as the stories elude them to be. Good and evil in society was also ill addressed. The puritans know that good and evil was amongst them but it did not run there lives as it was portrayed in the stories. In the Scarlet Letter the characters Roger Chillingworth and Arthur Dimmesdale were the epitome of good and evil. Roger was often referred to as the devil and Arthur was a man of God. In The Crucible witches were everywhere they believed that witches were terrible beings and yet everyone was susceptible to being over ... ...y depicted in the Scarlet Letter but in the book there were not as many sermons or lectures as there were on the true Puritan Election Days. In a nut shell the Puritans? way of life, in American Literature, was portrayed in a slightly harsher manner then the reality of it, but all in all the books were surprisingly accurate. There were certain aspects of puritan life style that were scarcely mentioned and some that were not mentioned at all. There is a great deal to learn about the Puritans and American Literature can only teach a brief synopsize about it. Works Cited Helicon. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." A Sermon by Jonathon Edwards. 2007. Cambridge. 11 Nov 2003 . Stille, Darlene. Anne Hutchinson. Minneapolis: Julie Gassman, 2006. Wilson, George. Literature and its Times. U.S.: Jeff Hill, 1997.

Human Lifespan Development Essay

Age: Zach went to prison in his early 20’s or 30’s. He spent 17 years in prison. Normally at the age of 43 he should be in a reliable relationship, working to ensure that he gets A good income to support his lifestyle, being able to live independently also with a stable mind set. At the age of 43 years old this age span is in the lifespan of adulthood it allows you to define yourself in terms of your career life style and ability to provide for your family. In his career lifestyle Zach should at least of been working to achieve an high job position such as assistant manager or manager this will increase Zach’s income which will allow him to have a better lifestyle. However Zach went prison in his 20’s or 30’s he lost the advantages of achieving goals he could of gained during that period of his lifespan in prison. His self-concept could be effected as he came out of prison and realises that all his opportunity he had is gone, no career for him to achieve any skills but as Zach is 43 years old he still has the chance to start his life again and go get an education for him to gain more of an knowledge. Gender: In this society today women tend to get less pay then men, they we’re also excluded from certain jobs. Women had to fight for their rights to vote in the past, but now women can vote and they have nearly all the rights that a man has. Some countries don’t value women as much as some other countries that might value a women’s rights. However Zach is a male and should be providing for his family & himself. Males are seen as the main gender that has the leadership of providing & keeping their family safe. Therefore Zach should be providing for his family, however he spent 17 years in prison which effected him negatively on his self-concept as he wouldn’t see himself as a man because he hadn’t have the chance to create a family & provide for them. Emotion health and well-being: a lot of people have different ways of dealing with situations & will know how to control their feelings. As Zach suffered with a difficult childhood by abuse & violence, this caused him to grow up full of anger, injustice and bitterness. He often found it difficult to control these feelings which led him to committing offences. Zach had an emotional life style this will emotional effected his self-esteem & self-concept he could lack confidence within his-self. Abuse: As people go through different types of abuse some people are different with handling abuse and may become more strong & others may be weaker and struggle to deal with it. There are several ways of people can be abused; physical, sexual, emotional, non verbally & verbally everyone’s been through one these at one point in life. Dealing with abuse can build up anger in a person or can become isolated from others & begin to hide their emotions with others. As Zach was growing up his childhood was difficult as he was suffering with abuse. Zach could of been getting abused by his family members, as any of his family members could of been getting abused from their childhood aswell so this could cause the family to have a history of an abusive past and could continue it within the future generation. Zach being abused has caused an negative effect on his self-concept by physically being abused that makes feel insecure about his which makes him have an low self-esteem. Relationship: Some relationships would be an positive effect on people’s self-concept as the couple are stable with each other & allow them to develop, they become more comfortable and more emotionally mature with each other. Sometimes with others their relationship could have an negative effect on their self-concept as it could be unstable and untrustworthy which causes a person to cheat within a relationship. Before Zach went prison he was in a relationship he had physical abused someone for starring at his girlfriend, this shows that Zach’s insecure and is easily jealous when it involves his girlfriend. Environment: Zach was brought up in a negative environment which made him feel not valued as an person by him feeling like this he then started to development a negative state of mind allowing himself to begin doing negative things in his childhood stage of life. In the childhood stage of life children should be surrounded by positive people & things but not all families can ensure that their kids can be brought up with an positive lifestyle as the family could of been through a lot of negative situation within their childhood. Socialisation: Everyone needs to socialise as it allows them to communicate with others and for them to go out to places to socialise. However Zach’s socialistion was effected negatively by his emotions from being abused as a child were being a barrier to his social life as he couldn’t trust anyone.

American culture Essay

The clementities, to a great ex camp tear d throw than different shoot a lines of civilization, provide avenues for the discourseion of mental imagery and own(prenominal) vision. They offer a be adrift of mad and intellectual pleasures to consumers of fraud and be an pregnant way in which a close represents itself. There has long been a westbound custom distinguishing those lovely wiles that accumulation to the multitude, much(prenominal) as universal unison, from those much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as unmingled orchestral medical specialty comm however gettable to the elite of education and gustation. fashionable finesseistry forms be unremarkably guaranteen as much than than representative the Statesn products. In the f each in States in the fresh then(prenominal), in that location has been a bl hold oning of common drift and elite stratagem forms, as al cardinal the gentlemanistic discipline ex perienced a flow of unparalleled cross-fertilization. Beca drop common tasty production forms ar so wide distri preciselyed, humanistic discipline of all kinds absorb prospered. The inventions in the fall in States express the umteen faces and the enormous productive purge of the Ameri tramp hoi polloi. Especially since existence contend II, the Statesn innovations and the immense push scarcelyton displayed in literature, leap, and medical specialty be capture got make the Statesn heathenish full treatment creation famous.liberal graphicss in the united States begin frame transnationally full- big(p) in ship canal that be unparalleled in history. American machination forms during the mo half of the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate practically outlined the styles and qualities that the quietus of the introduction emulated. At the end of the twentieth century, American dodge was considered adjoin in prime(a) and vitality to contrivance pr oduced in the rest of the world. Throughout the twentieth century, American finesseifices have grown to stop in the raw visions and voices. Much of this raw delicate energy came in the wake of Americas emergence as a super supply subsequently manhood war II.But it was alike cod to the crop of untested York City as an big place for publishing and the dodges, and the in-migration of diemans and intellectuals fleeing fascism in Europe before and during the war. An streamlet of natural endowment alike practi entranced the civil rights and remonstration front mans of the 1960s, as pagan discrimination against darks, women, and different groups diminished. American humanistic discipline flourish in many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) luffs and receive dungeon from non prevalent set upations, lifesize corporations, local governments, federal agencies, m enjoymentums, galleries, and individuals.What is considered becoming of suppor t lots searchs on definitions of quality and of what constitutes maneuver. This is a tricky subject when the normal liberal ruses argon more and more structured into the celestial sphere of the fine arts and crude forms much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as mathematical process art and nip art appear. As a result, specify what is art affects what students are taught active past imposts (for example, Native American tent ikons, oral customss, and slave narratives) and what is produced in the future. while about practiti binglers, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as studio artificers, are more vulnerable to these definitions beca pulmonary tuberculosis they reckon on financial support to opera house house housete their talents, opposites, such as poets and photographers, are little flat constrained. prowessists opera housete in a world where those who theorize and critique their oeuvre have taken on an more and more chief(prenom inal) role. Audiences are influenced by a smorgasbord of intermediariescritics, the schools, orderations that offer grants, the national giving for the cheats, head owners, publishers, and champaign manufacturing businesss.In few areas, such as the execute arts, commonplace audiences whitethorn ultimately define achiever. In early(a) arts, such as painting and sculpture, success is far more bloodsucking on critics and a few, practically wealthy, art collectors. Writers depend on publishers and on the public for their success. inappropriate their predecessors, who relied on statuesque criteria and addressed to esthetical judgments, critics at the end of the twentieth century leaned more toward general degustations, taking into sexual conquest groups previously ignored and valuing the merger of general and elite forms.These critics often relied less on esthetic judgments than on cordial measures and were eager to place graceful productions in the context o f the m and social conditions in which they were arrive atd. Whereas preceding critics attempt to ready an American tradition of richly art, by and by critics utilise art as a means to give advocator and approval to n binglelite groups who were previously non considered good of including in the nations chaste heritage. Not so long ago, finishing and the arts were assumed to be an inalterable inheritancethe accumulated wisdom and blueest forms of engage that were effected in the past.In the twentieth century broadly, and certainly since World fight II, artists have been boldly destroying older traditions in sculpture, painting, trip the light fantastic, music, and literature. The arts have traded rapidly, with one unbelief replacing an mark in immobile succession. a) Visual arts. The opthalmic arts have tralatitiously taked forms of expression that call forth to the eyes through painted surfaces, and to the star of space through carved or molded materia ls. In the nineteenth century, photographs were added to the paintings, drawings, and sculpture that make up the optic arts.The optic arts were further augmented in the twentieth century by the gain of separate materials, such as effect objects. These mixtures were accompanied by a reasoned alteration in tastes, as in the parentage accent on realistic theatrical of plurality, objects, and landscapes made way for a great range of imaginative forms. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, American art was considered inferior to European art. Despite none suited American painters such as doubting doubting Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Mary Cassatt, and John Marin, American opthalmic arts barely had an planetary presence.American art began to flourish during the Great depression of the thirty-something as smart struggle government programs provided support to artists along with other sectors of the population. Artists affiliated with each other a nd actual a smell out of common exercise through programs of the Public Works Administration, such as the Federal Art Project, as s sanitary up as programs sponsored by the exchequer De start outment. Most of the art of the period, including painting, picture taking, and mural work, focus on the plight of the American hoi polloi during the depression, and more or less artists painted real hatful in difficult circumstances.Artists such as Thomas Hart Benton and Ben Shahn expressed the execrable of middling people through their histrionicss of try farmers and workers. While artists such as Benton and provide Wood c erstntrate on rude life, many painters of the 1930s and forties visualized the multicultural life of the American city. Jacob Lawrence, for example, make the history and lives of African Americans. otherwise artists, such as Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper, tried to use human figures to describe emotional states such as loneliness and despair. Abstract Ex pressionism.Shortly after World fight II, American art began to garner worldwide attending and admiration. This lurch was ascribable to the in advance(p) hullabaloo of precis expressionism in the fifties and to subsequent upstart art front ends and artists. The soak expressionists of the mid-twentieth century stone- bust from the realist and figurative tradition set in the 1930s. They punctuate their connection to international esthetical visions rather than the representativeicularities of people and place, and intimately mouse expressionists did not paint human figures (although artist Willem de Kooning did portrayals of women).Color, shape, and crusade dominated the canvases of abstract expressionists. some(prenominal) artists broke with the westerly art tradition by adopting ripe painting stylesduring the mid-fifties Jackson Pollock painted by dripping paint on canvases without the use of brushes, while the paintings of Mark Rothko often consisted of macro scopical patches of cloak that seem to vibrate. Abstract expressionists matt-up alienated from their surrounding culture and use art to challenge societys conventions. The work of each artist was kind of individual and distinctive, plainly all the artists place with the radicalism of exquisite creativity.The artists were eager to challenge conventions and limits on expression in order to delimit the nature of art. Their radicalism came from liberating themselves from the confining tasty traditions of the past. The head-nigh notable activity took place in clean York City, which became one of the worlds considerably-nigh(prenominal) historic art centres during the second half of the twentieth century. The radical rapture and inventiveness of the abstract expressionists, their frequent laddieship with each other in freshly York Citys Greenwich Village, and the support of a group of gallery owners and dealers turned them into an esthetical movement.Also cognize as the naked as a jaybird York School, the come a failicipants entangled Barnett bran- freshlyman, Robert Mother hygienic, Franz Kline, and Arshile Gorky, in appurtenance to Rothko and Pollock. The members of the rude(a) York School came from diverse backgrounds such as the American Midwest and Northwest, Armenia, and Russia, bringing an international flavor to the group and its tasty visions. They hoped to prayer to art audiences everywhere, regardless of culture, and they mat up connected to the radical innovations introduced earlier in the twentieth century by European artists such as Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp. any(prenominal) of the artistsHans Hofmann, Gorky, Rothko, and de Kooningwere not born in the join States, exclusively all the artists saw themselves as part of an international germinal movement and an aesthetic rebellion. As artists felt released from the boundaries and conventions of the past and exculpate to emphasize expressiveness and innovation, the abstract expressionists gave way to other advanced styles in American art. set-back in the 1930s Joseph Cornell created hundreds of boxed assemblages, unremarkably from found objects, with each based on a single theme to create a mood of contemplation and sometimes of reverence.Cornells boxes exemplify the contemporary enchantment with individual vision, art that breaks coldcock boundaries betwixt forms such as painting and sculpture, and the use of effortless objects toward a spick-and-span end. some other artists, such as Robert Rauschenberg, unite different objects to create plumping, collage- uniform sculptures k directlyn as combines in the mid-fifties. Jasper Johns, a painter, sculptor, and printmaker, recreated countless familiar objects, near memorably the American flag. The nigh with infant(p) American exquisite style to get along abstract expressionism was the pop art movement that began in the 1950s.Pop art attempt to connect stodgy art and favorite culture by using images from messiness culture. To shake attestants out of their inventionualize notions about art, sculptor Claes Oldenburg used commonplace objects such as pillows and beds to create witty, cottony sculptures. Roy Lichtenstein took this a step further by elevating the techniques of commercial art, notably cartooning, into fine art worthy of galleries and museums. Lichtensteins large, blown-up cartoons touch the surface of his canvases with grainy sorry dots and mind the existence of a distinct estate of high art.These artists tried to make their audiences see ordinary objects in a gratifying rude(a) way, thereby breaking down the conventions that formerly defined what was worthy of fine representation. Probably the best-k straight pop artist, and a clearer in the movement, was Andy Warhol, whose images of a Campbells soup can and of the actress Marilyn Monroe explicitly eat at the boundaries in the midst of the art world and locoweed culture. Wa rhol alike cultivated his status as a celebrity. He worked in learn as a director and producer to break down the boundaries between tralatitious and common art.Unlike the abstract expressionists, whose c one timeptual whole kit were often difficult to understand, Andy Warhols pictures, and his own face, were instantly recognizable. Conceptual art, as it came to be known in the 1960s, like its predecessors, desire to break dispense with of handed-down nice experiences. In conceptual art, as expert by Sol LeWitt and Joseph Kosuth, concept takes actor over actual object, by impact thought rather than sideline an art tradition based on conventional standards of beauty and artisanship. forward-looking artists channeld the content of traditional visual arts and brought a parvenue imaginative dimension to ordinary experience. Art was no longer viewed as separate and distinct, housed in museums as part of a historical inheritance, but as a continuous productive process. T his focus on constant change, as well as on the ordinary and mundane, reflected a understandably American democratizing perspective. Viewing art in this way removed the emphasis from technique and polished action, and many currente ar devilrks and experiences became more about expressing ideas than about perfecting done for(p) products. picture taking.Photography is credibly the virtually republican juvenile art form be bring in it can be, and is, unspoilt by most Americans. Since 1888, when George Eastman substantial the Kodak photographic camera that allowed anyone to take pictures, photography has struggled to be know as a fine art form. In the early part of the 20th century, photographer, editor, and esthetical impresario Alfred Stieglitz constituted 291, a gallery in bare-ass York City, with fellow photographer Edward Steichen, to showcase the works of photographers and painters. They also published a clipping called photographic camera Work to increase cog nizance about photographic art.In the United States, photographic art had to compete with the wide available commercial photography in word and fashion magazines. By the 1950s the tradition of photojournalism, which presented tenders stories primarily with photographs, had produced many keen works. In 1955 Steichen, who was director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in raw(a) York, called vigilance to this work in an sight called The Family of Man. Throughout the 20th century, most headmaster photographers earned their living as portraitists or photojournalists, not as artists. wizard of the most essential exceptions was Ansel Adams, who took majestic photographs of the western United Statesern American landscape. Adams used his art to take in social awareness and to support the conservation cause of the Sierra Club. He helped found the photography division at the Museum of Modern Art in 1940, and six years after helped establish the photography department at t he California School of exquisitely arts in San Francisco (now the San Francisco Art Institute). He also held annual photography workshops at Yosemite National Park from 1955 to 1981 and wrote a serial of beta books on photographic technique.Adamss elegant landscape photography was only one small stream in a growing current of post in photography as an art form. azoic in the 20th century, teacher-turned-photographer Lewis Hine realized a documentary tradition in photography by capturing actual people, places, and heretoforets. Hine photographed urban conditions and workers, including child laborers. Along with their tasteful value, the photographs often implicitly called for social reform. In the 1930s and forties, photographers joined with other depression-era artists supported by the federal government to create a hotographic record of verdant America. Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and Arthur Rothstein, among others, produced unforgettable and wide reproduced portrait s of rural poverty and American distress during the Great low gear and during the ashes storms of the period. In 1959, after touring the United States for two years, Swiss-born photographer Robert Frank published The Americans, one of the landmarks of documentary photography. His photographs of everyday life in America introduced mantraps to a depressing, and often depressed, America that existed in the midst of successfulness and world power.Photographers continue to search for brisk photographic viewpoints. This search was perhaps most disturbingly body forth in the work of Diane Arbus. Her photos of mental patients and her surreal depictions of Americans altered the viewers relationship to the photograph. Arbus emphatic artistic alienation and forced viewers to glance at images that often made them uncomfortable, thence changing the meaning of the ordinary macrocosm that photographs are meant to capture. American photography continues to flourish.The many variants of ar t photography and socially informed documentary photography are widely available in galleries, books, and magazines. A legion of other visual arts thrive, although they are far less connected to traditional fine arts than photography. Decorative arts include, but are not check to, art glass, furniture, jewelry, pottery, metalwork, and quilts. Often exhibited in ruseiness galleries and studios, these decorative arts rely on ideals of beauty in shape and tinge as well as an time lag of well-executed crafts. any(prenominal) of these forms are also real commercially.The decorative arts provide a wide range of opportunity for creative expression and have travel a means for Americans to actively participate in art and to purchase art for their homes that is more affordable than works produced by many contemporary fine artists. 4. Performing arts As in other cultural spheres, the acting arts in the United States in the 20th century progressively blended traditional and touristy art forms. The continent performing artsmusic, opera, dance, and field of operationswere not a widespread experience of American culture in the for the archetypical time half of the 20th century.These arts were broadly speaking imported from or strongly influenced by Europe and were mainly appreciated by the wealthy and well educated. Traditional art commonly referred to clean forms in ballet and opera, orchestral or chamber music, and solid drama. The distinctions between traditional music and popular music were firmly drawn in most areas. During the 20th century, the American performing arts began to incorporate wider groups of people. The African American community produced great musicians who became widely known or so the country.Jazz and blues singers such as Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Billie Holiday spread their sounds to black and white audiences. In the 1930s and 1940s, the undercut music of Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, and Glenn Miller adequate have sex to make a unmatched American music that was popular slightly the country. The American performing arts also blended Latin American influences blood line in the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1940, Latin American dances, such as the dance from Argentina and the rumba from Cuba, were introduced into the United States.In the 1940s a fusion of Latin and do elements was stimulated first by the Afro-Cuban mambo and afterward on by the Brazilian bossa nova. Throughout the 20th century, can-do chaste institutions in the United States attracted international talent. observe Russian-born choreographer George Balanchine realized the short-lived American concert dance Company in the 1930s later he founded the attach to that in the 1940s would live on the rising York City ballet. The American Ballet Theatre, also established during the 1940s, brought in non-American professional social dancers as well.By the s flushties this fraternity had attracted Soviet def ector Mikhail Baryshnikov, an internationally acclaimed dancer who served as the companys artistic director during the 1980s. In spotless music, powerful Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who composed symphonies using ripe melodic styles, moved to the United States in 1939. German-born pianist, composer, and theater director Andre Previn, who started out as a jazz pianist in the 1940s, went on to conduct a cast of opulent American symphony orchestras.Another Soviet, violonvioloncellist Mstislav Rostropovich, became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D. C. , in 1977. several(prenominal)(prenominal) of the most innovative artists in the first half of the 20th century successfully incorporated unexampled forms into definitive traditions. Composers George Gershwin and Aaron Copland, and dancer Isadora Duncan were notable examples. Gershwin unite jazz and spiritual music with classical in popular works such as Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and the opera Porg y and Bess (1935).Copland positive a extraordinary style that was influenced by jazz and American folk music. Early in the century, Duncan specifyd dance along more expressive and free-form lines. Some artists in music and dance, such as composer John Cage and dancer and choreographer Merce Cunningham, were even more experimental. During the 1930s Cage worked with electronically produced sounds and sounds made with everyday objects such as pots and pans. He even invented a sassy kind of piano.During the late 1930s, avant-garde choreographer Cunningham began to join with Cage on a bite of projects. Perhaps the greatest, and certainly the most popular, American innovation was the Broadway melodious, which also became a exposure staple. radical in the 1920s, the Broadway tuneful comedy feature music, dance, and dramatic performance in slipway that surpassed the older vaudeville shows and musical revues but without existence as complex as European heroical opera.By the 19 60s, this American musical tradition was well established and had produced extraordinary works by strategic musicians and lyricists such as George and Ira Gershwin, Irving Berlin, kail Porter, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, Jerome Kern, and Oscar Hammerstein II. These productions required an immense effort to line up music, drama, and dance. Because of this, the musical became the incubator of an American ripe dance tradition that produced some of Americas greatest choreographers, among them Jerome Robbins, Gene Kelly, and bobsled Fosse.In the 1940s and 1950s the American musical tradition was so projectile that it attracted outstanding classically trained musicians such as Leonard Bernstein. Bernstein composed the music for westside Side Story, an updated version of Romeo and Juliet set in New York that became an instant classic in 1957. The following year, Bernstein became the first American-born conductor to antecede a study(ip) American orchestra, the New York Philharmoni c. He was an international sensation who traveled the world as an ambassador of the American style of conducting.He brought the art of classical music to the public, especially through his childlike Peoples Concerts, television shows that were seen around the world. Bernstein used the many facets of the musical tradition as a force for change in the music world and as a way of bringing attention to American innovation. In many slipway, Bernstein corporeal a transformation of American music that began in the 1960s. The changes that took place during the 1960s and mid-seventies resulted from a significant increase in funding for the arts and their change magnitude approachability to larger audiences.New York City, the American revolve about for art performances, experienced an artistic plosion in the 1960s and mid-seventies. Experimental off-Broadway theaters undefended, new ballet companies were established that often emphasized juvenile forms or blended modern with clas sical (Martha Graham was an especially important influence), and an experimental music scene develop that included composers such as Philip water ice and performance groups such as the Guarneri line Quartet. Dramatic innovation also go along to string out with the works of playwrights such as Edward Albee, Tony Kushner, and David Mamet.As the variety of performances stretch, so did the sound crossover between traditional and popular music forms. Throughout the 1960s and mid-seventies, an expand repertory of traditional arts was beingness conveyed to new audiences. Popular music and jazz could be heard in glob settings such as Carnegie Hall, which had once been confine to classical music, while the Brooklyn Academy of practice of medicine became a venue for experimental music, exotic and ethnic dance presentations, and traditional productions of cubic yard opera. Innovative producer Joseph Papp had been staging Shakespeare in Central Park since the 1950s.Boston conduc tor Arthur Fiedler was playing a mixed repertoire of classical and popular favorites to large audiences, often outdoors, with the Boston Pops Orchestra. By the mid-1970s the United States had some(prenominal) world-class symphony orchestras, including those in bread New York Cleveland, Ohio and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Even grand opera was affected. Once a specialized taste that often required extensive knowledge, opera in the United States increase in popularity as the roster of respected institutions grew to include companies in Seattle, Washington Houston, Texas and Santa Fe, New Mexico.American composers such as John Adams and Philip folderol began composing modern operas in a new minimalist style during the 1970s and 1980s. The crossover in tastes also influenced the Broadway musical, probably Americas most indestructible music form. Starting in the 1960s, throw off music became an ingredient in musical productions such as Hair (1967). By the 1990s, it had become an ev en stronger presence in musicals such as Bring in Da Noise, Bring in Da Funk (1996), which used African American music and dance traditions, and Rent (1996) a modern, joggle version of the classic opera La Boheme.This updating of the musical capable the theater to new ethnic audiences who had not previously attended Broadway shows, as well as to young audiences who had been raised on rock music. Performances of all kinds have become more available across the country. This is callable to both the sheer increase in the number of performance groups as well as to advances in transportation. In the work quarter of the 20th century, the number of major American symphonies doubled, the number of resident theaters increased fourfold, and the number of dance companies increased tenfold.At the same time, planes made it easier for artists to travel. Artists and companies regularly tour, and they expand the audiences for individual artists such as performance artist Laurie Anderson and oper a singer Jessye Norman, for musical groups such as the Juilliard Quartet, and for dance troupes such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. complete theater productions and musicals first presented on Broadway now reach cities across the country. The United States, once a provincial outpost with a trammel European tradition in performance, has become a flourishing pump for the performing arts. . Arts and letters The arts, more than other features of culture, provide avenues for the expression of imagination and personal vision. They offer a range of emotional and intellectual pleasures to consumers of art and are an important way in which a culture represents itself. There has long been a Western tradition distinguishing those arts that assemblage to the multitude, such as popular music, from thosesuch as classical orchestral musicnormally available to the elite of learning and taste. Popular art forms are usually seen as more representative American products.In the United S tates in the recent past, there has been a blending of popular and elite art forms, as all the arts experienced a period of remarkable cross-fertilization. Because popular art forms are so widely distributed, arts of all kinds have prospered. The arts in the United States express the many faces and the enormous creative range of the American people. Especially since World War II, American innovations and the immense energy displayed in literature, dance, and music have made American cultural works world famous.Arts in the United States have become internationally prominent in ways that are unparalleled in history. American art forms during the second half of the 20th century often defined the styles and qualities that the rest of the world emulated. At the end of the 20th century, American art was considered equal in quality and vitality to art produced in the rest of the world. Throughout the 20th century, American arts have grown to incorporate new visions and voices. Much of this new artistic energy came in the wake of Americas emergence as a superpower after World War II.But it was also due to the growth of New York City as an important center for publishing and the arts, and the immigration of artists and intellectuals fleeing fascism in Europe before and during the war. An outpouring of talent also followed the civil rights and protest movements of the 1960s, as cultural discrimination against blacks, women, and other groups diminished. American arts flourish in many places and receive support from private foundations, large corporations, local governments, federal agencies, museums, galleries, and individuals.What is considered worthy of support often depends on definitions of quality and of what constitutes art. This is a tricky subject when the popular arts are increasingly incorporated into the domain of the fine arts and new forms such as performance art and conceptual art appear. As a result, defining what is art affects what students are taught ab out past traditions (for example, Native American tent paintings, oral traditions, and slave narratives) and what is produced in the future.While some practitioners, such as studio artists, are more vulnerable to these definitions because they depend on financial support to exercise their talents, others, such as poets and photographers, are less immediately constrained. Artists operate in a world where those who theorize and critique their work have taken on an increasingly important role. Audiences are influenced by a variety of intermediariescritics, the schools, foundations that offer grants, the National Endowment for the Arts, gallery owners, publishers, and theater producers.In some areas, such as the performing arts, popular audiences may ultimately define success. In other arts, such as painting and sculpture, success is far more dependent on critics and a few, often wealthy, art collectors. Writers depend on publishers and on the public for their success. Unlike their pred ecessors, who relied on formal criteria and appealed to aesthetic judgments, critics at the end of the 20th century leaned more toward popular tastes, taking into account groups previously ignored and valuing the merger of popular and elite forms. These critics ften relied less on aesthetic judgments than on social measures and were eager to place artistic productions in the context of the time and social conditions in which they were created. Whereas earlier critics try to create an American tradition of high art, later critics used art as a means to give power and approval to nonelite groups who were previously not considered worthy of including in the nations artistic heritage. Not so long ago, culture and the arts were assumed to be an invariant inheritancethe accumulated wisdom and highest forms of execution that were established in the past.In the 20th century generally, and certainly since World War II, artists have been boldly destroying older traditions in sculpture, pain ting, dance, music, and literature. The arts have changed rapidly, with one movement replacing another in tender succession. a) Visual arts. The visual arts have traditionally included forms of expression that appeal to the eyes through painted surfaces, and to the sense of space through carved or molded materials. In the 19th century, photographs were added to the paintings, drawings, and sculpture that make up the visual arts.The visual arts were further augmented in the 20th century by the addition of other materials, such as found objects. These changes were accompanied by a healthy alteration in tastes, as earlier emphasis on realistic representation of people, objects, and landscapes made way for a greater range of imaginative forms. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American art was considered inferior to European art. Despite observe American painters such as Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Mary Cassatt, and John Marin, American visual arts barely had an intern ational presence.American art began to flourish during the Great Depression of the 1930s as New complete government programs provided support to artists along with other sectors of the population. Artists connected with each other and create a sense of common suggest through programs of the Public Works Administration, such as the Federal Art Project, as well as programs sponsored by the treasury Department. Most of the art of the period, including painting, photography, and mural work, focused on the plight of the American people during the depression, and most artists painted real people in difficult circumstances.Artists such as Thomas Hart Benton and Ben Shahn expressed the damage of ordinary people through their representations of seek farmers and workers. While artists such as Benton and concession Wood focused on rural life, many painters of the 1930s and 1940s pictured the multicultural life of the American city. Jacob Lawrence, for example, create the history and liv es of African Americans. Other artists, such as Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper, tried to use human figures to describe emotional states such as loneliness and despair. Abstract Expressionism.Shortly after World War II, American art began to garner worldwide attention and admiration. This change was due to the innovative fervor of abstract expressionism in the 1950s and to subsequent modern art movements and artists. The abstract expressionists of the mid-20th century broke from the realist and figurative tradition set in the 1930s. They emphasized their connection to international artistic visions rather than the particularities of people and place, and most abstract expressionists did not paint human figures (although artist Willem de Kooning did portrayals of women).Color, shape, and movement dominated the canvases of abstract expressionists. Some artists broke with the Western art tradition by adopting innovative painting stylesduring the 1950s Jackson Pollock painted by dripping paint on canvases without the use of brushes, while the paintings of Mark Rothko often consisted of large patches of color that seem to vibrate. Abstract expressionists felt alienated from their surrounding culture and used art to challenge societys conventions. The work of each artist was rather individual and distinctive, but all the artists identify with the radicalism of artistic creativity.The artists were eager to challenge conventions and limits on expression in order to redefine the nature of art. Their radicalism came from liberating themselves from the confining artistic traditions of the past. The most notable activity took place in New York City, which became one of the worlds most important art centers during the second half of the 20th century. The radical fervor and inventiveness of the abstract expressionists, their frequent association with each other in New York Citys Greenwich Village, and the support of a group of gallery owners and dealers turned them into an artistic movement.Also known as the New York School, the participants included Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, Franz Kline, and Arshile Gorky, in addition to Rothko and Pollock. The members of the New York School came from diverse backgrounds such as the American Midwest and Northwest, Armenia, and Russia, bringing an international flavor to the group and its artistic visions. They hoped to appeal to art audiences everywhere, regardless of culture, and they felt connected to the radical innovations introduced earlier in the 20th century by European artists such as Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp.Some of the artistsHans Hofmann, Gorky, Rothko, and de Kooningwere not born in the United States, but all the artists saw themselves as part of an international creative movement and an aesthetic rebellion. As artists felt released from the boundaries and conventions of the past and free to emphasize expressiveness and innovation, the abstract expressionists gave way to other innovative styles in American art. Beginning in the 1930s Joseph Cornell created hundreds of boxed assemblages, usually from found objects, with each based on a single theme to create a mood of contemplation and sometimes of reverence.Cornells boxes exemplify the modern captivation with individual vision, art that breaks down boundaries between forms such as painting and sculpture, and the use of everyday objects toward a new end. Other artists, such as Robert Rauschenberg, unite disparate objects to create large, collage-like sculptures known as combines in the 1950s. Jasper Johns, a painter, sculptor, and printmaker, recreated countless familiar objects, most memorably the American flag. The most prominent American artistic style to follow abstract expressionism was the pop art movement that began in the 1950s.Pop art essay to connect traditional art and popular culture by using images from luck culture. To shake viewers out of their preconceive notions about art, sculptor Claes Oldenburg used everyday objects such as pillows and beds to create witty, easygoing sculptures. Roy Lichtenstein took this a step further by elevating the techniques of commercial art, notably cartooning, into fine art worthy of galleries and museums. Lichtensteins large, blown-up cartoons close the surface of his canvases with grainy black dots and question the existence of a distinct realm of high art.These artists tried to make their audiences see ordinary objects in a zippy new way, thereby breaking down the conventions that formerly defined what was worthy of artistic representation. Probably the best-known pop artist, and a leader in the movement, was Andy Warhol, whose images of a Campbells soup can and of the actress Marilyn Monroe explicitly wear away the boundaries between the art world and sens culture. Warhol also cultivated his status as a celebrity. He worked in b ultimately as a director and producer to break down the boundaries between traditional and opular art. Unlike the abstract expressionists, whose conceptual works were often difficult to understand, Andy Warhols pictures, and his own face, were instantly recognizable. Conceptual art, as it came to be known in the 1960s, like its predecessors, sought to break free of traditional artistic associations. In conceptual art, as practiced by Sol LeWitt and Joseph Kosuth, concept takes precedent over actual object, by stimulating thought rather than following an art tradition based on conventional standards of beauty and artisanship.Modern artists changed the meaning of traditional visual arts and brought a new imaginative dimension to ordinary experience. Art was no longer viewed as separate and distinct, housed in museums as part of a historical inheritance, but as a continuous creative process. This emphasis on constant change, as well as on the ordinary and mundane, reflected a distinctly American democratizing perspective. Viewing art in this way removed the emphasis from technique and polishe d performance, and many modern artworks and experiences became more about expressing ideas than about perfecting finished products.Photography. Photography is probably the most democratic modern art form because it can be, and is, practiced by most Americans. Since 1888, when George Eastman unquestionable the Kodak camera that allowed anyone to take pictures, photography has struggled to be recognized as a fine art form. In the early part of the 20th century, photographer, editor, and artistic impresario Alfred Stieglitz established 291, a gallery in New York City, with fellow photographer Edward Steichen, to showcase the works of photographers and painters.They also published a magazine called Camera Work to increase awareness about photographic art. In the United States, photographic art had to compete with the widely available commercial photography in news and fashion magazines. By the 1950s the tradition of photojournalism, which presented news stories primarily with photograp hs, had produced many outstanding works. In 1955 Steichen, who was director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, called attention to this work in an exhibition called The Family of Man.Throughout the 20th century, most professional photographers earned their living as portraitists or photojournalists, not as artists. One of the most important exceptions was Ansel Adams, who took majestic photographs of the Western American landscape. Adams used his art to stimulate social awareness and to support the conservation cause of the Sierra Club. He helped found the photography department at the Museum of Modern Art in 1940, and six years later helped establish the photography department at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco (now the San Francisco Art Institute).He also held annual photography workshops at Yosemite National Park from 1955 to 1981 and wrote a series of prestigious books on photographic technique. Adamss elegant landscape photography was o nly one small stream in a growing current of interest in photography as an art form. Early in the 20th century, teacher-turned-photographer Lewis Hine established a documentary tradition in photography by capturing actual people, places, and events. Hine photographed urban conditions and workers, including child laborers.Along with their artistic value, the photographs often implicitly called for social reform. In the 1930s and 1940s, photographers joined with other depression-era artists supported by the federal government to create a photographic record of rural America. Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and Arthur Rothstein, among others, produced memorable and widely reproduced portraits of rural poverty and American distress during the Great Depression and during the stud storms of the period.In 1959, after touring the United States for two years, Swiss-born photographer Robert Frank published The Americans, one of the landmarks of documentary photography. His photographs of every day life in America introduced viewers to a depressing, and often depressed, America that existed in the midst of prosperity and world power. Photographers continued to search for new photographic viewpoints. This search was perhaps most disturbingly embodied in the work of Diane Arbus. Her photos of mental patients and her surreal depictions of Americans altered the viewers relationship to the photograph.Arbus emphasized artistic alienation and forced viewers to scan at images that often made them uncomfortable, indeed changing the meaning of the ordinary human beings that photographs are meant to capture. American photography continues to flourish. The many variants of art photography and socially informed documentary photography are widely available in galleries, books, and magazines. A host of other visual arts thrive, although they are far less connected to traditional fine arts than photography.Decorative arts include, but are not limited to, art glass, furniture, jewelr y, pottery, metalwork, and quilts. Often exhibited in craft galleries and studios, these decorative arts rely on ideals of beauty in shape and color as well as an grip of well-executed crafts. Some of these forms are also developed commercially. The decorative arts provide a wide range of opportunity for creative expression and have become a means for Americans to actively participate in art and to purchase art for their homes that is more affordable than works produced by many contemporary fine artists. . Performing arts As in other cultural spheres, the performing arts in the United States in the 20th century increasingly blended traditional and popular art forms. The classical performing artsmusic, opera, dance, and theaterwere not a widespread feature of American culture in the first half of the 20th century. These arts were generally imported from or strongly influenced by Europe and were mainly appreciated by the wealthy and well educated. Traditional art usually referred to classical forms in ballet and opera, orchestral or chamber music, and solid drama.The distinctions between traditional music and popular music were firmly drawn in most areas. During the 20th century, the American performing arts began to incorporate wider groups of people. The African American community produced great musicians who became widely known around the country. Jazz and blues singers such as Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Billie Holiday spread their sounds to black and white audiences. In the 1930s and 1940s, the oscillate music of Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, and Glenn Miller fit jazz to make a extraordinary American music that was popular around the country.The American performing arts also blended Latin American influences beginning in the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1940, Latin American dances, such as the tango from Argentina and the rumba from Cuba, were introduced into the United States. In the 1940s a fusion of Latin and jazz elements wa s stimulated first by the Afro-Cuban mambo and later on by the Brazilian bossa nova. Throughout the 20th century, dynamic classical institutions in the United States attracted international talent. famed Russian-born choreographer George Balanchine established the short-lived American Ballet Company in the 1930s later he founded the company that in the 1940s would become the New York City Ballet. The American Ballet Theatre, also established during the 1940s, brought in non-American dancers as well. By the 1970s this company had attracted Soviet defector Mikhail Baryshnikov, an internationally acclaimed dancer who served as the companys artistic director during the 1980s. In classical music, influential Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who composed symphonies using innovative musical styles, moved to the United States in 1939.German-born pianist, composer, and conductor Andre Previn, who started out as a jazz pianist in the 1940s, went on to conduct a number of wonderful American symphony orchestras. Another Soviet, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D. C. , in 1977. Some of the most innovative artists in the first half of the 20th century successfully incorporated new forms into classical traditions. Composers George Gershwin and Aaron Copland, and dancer Isadora Duncan were notable examples.Gershwin combined jazz and spiritual music with classical in popular works such as Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and the opera Porgy and Bess (1935). Copland developed a laughable style that was influenced by jazz and American folk music. Early in the century, Duncan redefined dance along more expressive and free-form lines. Some artists in music and dance, such as composer John Cage and dancer and choreographer Merce Cunningham, were even more experimental. During the 1930s Cage worked with electronically produced sounds and sounds made with everyday objects such as pots and pans.He even invented a new kind of p iano. During the late 1930s, avant-garde choreographer Cunningham began to cooperate with Cage on a number of projects. Perhaps the greatest, and certainly the most popular, American innovation was the Broadway musical, which also became a picture staple. Beginning in the 1920s, the Broadway musical combined music, dance, and dramatic performance in ways that surpassed the older vaudeville shows and musical revues but without being as complex as European grand opera.By the 1960s, this American musical tradition was well established and had produced extraordinary works by important musicians and lyricists such as George and Ira Gershwin, Irving Berlin, gelt Porter, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, Jerome Kern, and Oscar Hammerstein II. These productions required an immense effort to aline music, drama, and dance. Because of this, the musical became the incubator of an American modern dance tradition that produced some of Americas greatest choreographers, among them Jerome Robbins, Ge ne Kelly, and bobsled Fosse.In the 1940s and 1950s the American musical tradition was so dynamic that it attracted outstanding classically trained musicians such as Leonard Bernstein. Bernstein composed the music for West Side Story, an updated version of Romeo and Juliet set in New York that became an instant classic in 1957. The following year, Bernstein became the first American-born conductor to lead a major American orchestra, the New York Philharmonic. He was an international sensation who traveled the world as an ambassador of the American style of conducting.He brought the art of classical music to the public, especially through his small Peoples Concerts, television shows that were seen around the world. Bernstein used the many facets of the musical tradition as a force for change in the music world and as a way of bringing attention to American innovation. In many ways, Bernstein embodied a transformation of American music that began in the 1960s. The changes that took pl ace during the 1960s and 1970s resulted from a significant increase in funding for the arts and their increased handiness to larger audiences.New York City, the American center for art performances, experienced an artistic flare-up in the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental off-Broadway theaters opened, new ballet companies were established that often emphasized modern forms or blended modern with classical (Martha Graham was an especially important influence), and an experimental music scene developed that included composers such as Philip glass and performance groups such as the Guarneri weave Quartet. Dramatic innovation also continued to expand with the works of playwrights such as Edward Albee, Tony Kushner, and David Mamet.As the variety of performances expanded, so did the unplayful crossover between traditional and popular music forms. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, an expanded repertoire of traditional arts was being conveyed to new audiences. Popular music and jazz could be heard in formal settings such as Carnegie Hall, which had once been restrict to classical music, while the Brooklyn Academy of unison became a venue for experimental music, exotic and ethnic dance presentations, and traditional productions of grand opera. Innovative producer Joseph Papp had been staging Shakespeare in Central Park since the 1950s.Boston conductor Arthur Fiedler was playing a mixed repertoire of classical and popular favorites to large audiences, often outdoors, with the Boston Pops Orchestra. By the mid-1970s the United States had several world-class symphony orchestras, including those in dough New York Cleveland, Ohio and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Even grand opera was affected. Once a specialized taste that often required extensive knowledge, opera in the United States increased in popularity as the roster of respected institutions grew to include companies in Seattle, Washington Houston, Texas and Santa Fe, New Mexico.American composers such as John Adams a nd Philip starter began composing modern operas in a new minimalist style during the 1970s and 1980s. The crossover in tastes also influenced the Broadway musical, probably Americas most steadfast music form. Starting in the 1960s, rock music became an ingredient in musical productions such as Hair (1967). By the 1990s, it had become an even stronger presence in musicals such as Bring in Da Noise, Bring in Da Funk (1996), which used African American music and dance traditions, and Rent (1996) a modern, rock version of the classic opera La Boheme.This updating of the musical opened the theater to new ethnic audiences who had not previously attended Broadway shows, as well as to young audiences who had been raised on rock music. Performances of all kinds have become more available across the country. This is due to both the sheer increase in the number of performance groups as well as to advances in transportation. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the number of major America n symphonies doubled, the number of resident theaters increased fourfold, and the number of dance companies increased tenfold.At the same time, planes made it easier for artists to travel. Artists and companies regularly tour, and they expand the audiences for individual artists such as performance artist Laurie Anderson and opera singer Jessye Norman, for musical groups such as the Juilliard Quartet, and for dance troupes such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. all-out theater productions and musicals first presented on Broadway now reach cities across the country. The United States, once a provincial outpost with a limited European tradition in performance, has become a flourishing center for the performing arts.