Neutralizing a Base With an Acid

When an acid and a base react with each other, a neutralization reaction occurs, forming a salt and water. The water forms from the combination of the H ions from the acid and the OH- ions from the base. Strong acids and strong bases completely dissociate, so the reaction yields a solution with a neutral pH (pH 7). Because of the complete dissociation between strong acids and bases, if youre given a concentration of an acid or base, you can determine the volume or quantity of the other chemical required to neutralize it. This example problem explains how to determine how much acid is needed to neutralize a known volume and concentration of a base: Solving an Acid-Base Neutralization Problem What volume of 0.075 M HCl is required to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 solution? HCl is a strong acid and will dissociate completely in water to H and Cl-. For every mole of HCl, there will be one mole of H. Since the concentration of HCl is 0.075 M, the concentration of H will be 0.075 M. Ca(OH)2 is a strong base and will dissociate completely in water to Ca2 and OH-. For every mole of Ca(OH)2 there will be two moles of OH-. The concentration of Ca(OH)2 is 0.01 M so [OH-] will be 0.02 M. So, the solution will be neutralized when the number of moles of H equals the number of moles of OH-. Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of OH-.Molarity moles/volumemoles Molarity x Volumemoles OH- 0.02 M/100 millilitersmoles OH- 0.02 M/0.1 litersmoles OH- 0.002 molesStep 2: Calculate the Volume of HCl neededMolarity moles/volumeVolume moles/MolarityVolume moles H/0.075 Molaritymoles H moles OH-Volume 0.002 moles/0.075 MolarityVolume 0.0267 LitersVolume 26.7 milliliters of HCl Performing the Calculation 26.7 milliliters of 0.075 M HCl is needed to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 Molarity Ca(OH)2 solution. The most common mistake people make when performing this calculation is not accounting for the number of moles of ions produced when the acid or base dissociates. Its easy to understand: only one mole of hydrogen ions is produced when hydrochloric acid dissociates, yet also easy to forget its not a 1:1 ratio with the number of moles of hydroxide released by calcium hydroxide (or other bases with divalent or trivalent cations). The other common mistake is a simple math error. Make sure you convert milliliters of solution to liters when you calculate the molarity of your solution!

Adherence Of Non Adherence Among Diabetic Population And...

Rozenfeld et all 2008 in his article evaluated the adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) in diabetic patients. In his retrospective study, he conducted a research in a medical center where he found the relation between the glycosylated hemoglobin and adherence. In his study, 80% of the participants were adherent to the therapy showing inverse relationship with HbA1C level. As the level of adherence increases in patients the HbA1C would decrease below 7% proving its adherence. Most of the patients were using metformin (46%). According to him, if the efforts would done to pay attention to each patient than adherence and glycemic control could be increased and it would move towards the better health of the patient . Yang et all 2009 predicted the medication non-adherence among diabetic patients with oral anti-diabetic medication and other drugs patients were taking along with their anti-diabetic therapy. Basic objective behind his study was to analyze and study the reasons and prevalence of non-adherence in diabetic population and the basic demographic factors responsible for it. He performed a retrospective cohort study in various states of the USA (Alabama, California, Florida, Mississippi, New York, and Ohio). According to the data collected, mean age of patients was 71 years, 59% of the population were female, estimated non-adherence was calculated to be 35% and co-morbidities present were CVD. In his study, he also focused on interventions developed to improveShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Health And Social Care Essay3151 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Health and social care is one of the most basic right of the people of a country and it the duty of the government to make sure that this right is well served. For this reason the government of a country usually establish health care institution of its own effort in throughout nationally as well as for ensuring local health care, government usually establish local health promoter agencies. However in present world there are a lots of organization are there those are working for the improvementRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesApplying Information Technology Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Enterprise Systems 189 Managerial Support Systems E-Business Systems 253 187 223 PART III Acquiring Information Systems 327 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Basic Systems Concepts and Tools 329 Methodologies for Custom Software Development 361 Methodologies for Purchased Software Packages 390 IT Project Management 410 PART IV The Information Management System Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 ChapterRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages (B) creates a new Health Insurance Ex- 11 change, with a public health insurance option 12 alongside private plans; 13 (C) includes sliding scale affordability 14 credits; and 15 (D) initiates shared responsibility among 16 workers, employers, and the Government; 17 so that all Americans have coverage of essential 18 health benefits. 19 (4) HEALTH DELIVERY REFORM.—This division institutes health delivery system reforms both to in-

Psychology - Obesity Case - 1177 Words

1) Select a topic that you are interested in (in form of variable), start from general idea or area, attach your reading in your portfolio: Answer: The topic that we are going to test and discuss is Obesity. Obesity is a medical condition in which it is an accumulation of excessive to the extent of causing health problems and reducing the life expectancy. 2) Discuss the topic with your activities group, report what you learned from the discussion: Answer: What we concluded from the discussion is that obesity is much acclaimed in the UAE and it is a huge problem that may affect the coming generations. 3) The importance of the topic (Justify your selection: Why did you select this topic? In at least one†¦show more content†¦* Alcohol: when yeast is fermented it produces carbohydrates which leads to adding fats. * Duration of treatment: the time in which the individual used the treatment may shows if the treatment made a difference in reducing weight or not. * Physical Activity: these activities relates to the willing of the individual to lose weight by doing exercises or doing sports because if not that would definitely add more fats to the body. 9) What is the instrument that you will use to collect the data? Questionnaire/Survey 10) What is the suitable index of reliability and validity for your instrument? Answer: Cronbachs Alpha is the best way for summarizing the correlations among all items. So we are going to use the Alpha as the index for the reliability and validity of our questionnaire. 11) What is the level of measurement that you will use to measure your variables? Answer: The level of measurement is going to be Ratio since the test measurements can end up with a zero value and it will be meaningful. 12) What is the method(s) that you would use to collect the data? Answer: We are going to collect the data by distributing the questionnaires around by face to face, by phone, and via internet. Those three methods may be the most reliable ways for the 13) Choose the research design suitable to your research objective(s) and give justifications (Experimental and non-experimental) and how you are going toShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Nature of Psychology1480 Words   |  6 Pages The Nature of Psychology nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Psychology is the scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms. Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual. The other social sciences will study groups, or history. Psychology is less a science of reported findings, it attempts asks and answers questions using observable behaviorRead MorePersuasive Speech On Childhood Obesity1299 Words   |  6 Pagesaimed to end childhood obesity through brutal, straightforward advertisements on television, billboards, and other advertising platforms (Loren). The ads immediately stirred up controversy, and Strong4life eventually took them down. Despite this, the ads still display a remarkable amount of talent and sophistication. This specific advertisement uses stunning coloration, clever layout, and undeniable facts to warn parents around the world about the dangers of childhood obesity. The coloration is aRead MoreObesity and Its Related Issues1510 Words   |  6 PagesObesity and its related issues; diabetes, coronary disease, osteo-disease, and liver and renal failure, is an endemic problem in contemporary American society. 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Nurture : Childhood Obesity1510 Words   |  7 PagesNurture in Childhood Adiposity The nature versus nurture debate is one of the most longstanding arguments in the history of psychology and it aims to determine what has greater influence on personal development; one’s genes and inherited qualities compared to one’s environment. This debate is especially interesting in the study of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is growing at an alarming rate in most developed countries throughout the world and it cannot be understated how serious the Read MoreThe Biological Processes Of Obesity1527 Words   |  7 PagesObesity can develop when the cumulative energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, when this happens the excess is stored primarily as fat in adipose tissues. The biological processes that regulate the energy balance are highly regulated and this mechanism can be overwhelmed, because of a need to eat when not hungry, if attractive high calorie food is presented in attractive settings, and if individuals are regularly non-mobile for extended periods. The control pathways that include short-term signalingRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1155 Words   |  5 Pagesdepressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full-blown manic or mixed episodes†. (www.nimh.nih.gov, 2015) Mania (Negative) Within these definitions the author uses the word manic, but what exactly is mania? According to Robert Feldman’s book Psychology and Your Life mania or manic episodes are defined as â€Å"An extended state of intense, wild elation. People experiencing mania feel intense happiness, power, invulnerability, and power†. (Feldman, 2010) The intense highs that people with bipolar disorder

Essay about Henry T. Ford - 1974 Words

Henry T. Ford (1863-1947) Henry Ford once said: amp;#8220;Anyone who stops learning is old, whether this happens at twenty or at eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young. The greatest thing in life is to keep your mind young;. - Henry Ford Henry T. Ford, pioneering automotive engineer, is mostly credited forinventing the automobile. The fact is he did not, he used what was developed and studied in the automobile industry to develop his own ideas and revolutionized the automotive industry. His creativity made possible for him to develop the assembly line that sparked the auto production. Henry Ford Henry Ford was born near Dearborn, Michigan, on July 30, 1863. His family had nothing to do with the automobile, they were†¦show more content†¦he was mostly encouraged for doing this by his wife, who was called by her friends amp;#8220;The Believer;, because she encouraged his plans to build a horseless carriage from their earliest days together. Henry Ford followed his interest in finding the engine for his first car. He was interested in steam engines and turbines that produced electricity for Detroit Edison; investors in the United States and Europe were adapting such engines to small passenger vehicles. On January 29, 1886, Karl Benz of Germany received a patent for primitive gas fueled car. This gave the Americans the idea of creating their own gas-fuel-powered car. This can be surprising but the first one to do this was not Henry Ford. In 1893, Charles and Frank Duryea, of Springfield, Massachusetts, built the first gas-powered vehicle in the United States. In the 189 0amp;#8217;s, any mechanic with tolls and workbench could have been a titan in automotive developing industry. One of them was Henry Ford whose passion for his own horse less carriage have not died. Even though he worked for Edison, in 1891 he presented a blue print of his internal combustion engine, (which wasnamp;#8217;t much of a blue print because it was drawn on the back of a piece music) to his supportive wife Clara. Henry worked intensively on developing the engine for the next two years. Finally he made a successful test of the engine on Christmas Eve in kitchen sink. After the successful testing of his engine heShow MoreRelatedHenry Ford and the Model T Ford789 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Model T ford by Henry Ford. Hitting it off with the entire nation, The Model T Ford was a smashing success. People would say that when the farm was under Henrys control. They would not see any tools. Henry ran his farm the way of the â€Å"future†. Henry ran a very efficient farm however this was not what he wanted to do with life. As we already know Henry wanted to create the first car. Ford was raised on a small farm ran by his father outside of Detroit (Mitchell,1). As a child Henry was very interestedRead MoreHenry Ford : Model T935 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Ford - Model T Henry Ford is famous and well known as a businessman, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and helped in the development of the assembly line. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 in Michigan. His mother was Mary Litogot Ford and his father was William Ford. They raised their son, Henry, on a farm in Wayne County, Michigan. Henry Ford was very unhappy with working at the farm he was raised on. He had a gift for taking apart and reconstructing timepieces(Biography.com Editors)Read MoreHenry Fords Huge Impact on the World Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesHenry Ford Can you imagine life without cars? Recent numbers states that each household owns at least two cars. Henry Ford built the automobile; it made it easier for transportation. Henry Ford made a huge impact on the world. Henry Ford was born July 30, 1863, on his family’s farm in Wayne Country. He died April 7, 1947. Ford grew up the oldest of six children on his parent’s farm. Henry Ford had four siblings. They’re names were Jane, Margaret, William, and Robert. Henry Ford mother was MaryRead MoreBiography of Henry Ford758 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Ford Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, near Dearborn, Michigan. Henry Ford create the Model T car in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which transformed the industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a famous company (http://www.biography.com/people/henry-ford-9298747). When Henry Ford was young, he was born on his family’s farm in Wayne County, near Dearborn, Michigan. When he was twelve, his mother died during childbirth. Then forRead MoreHenry Ford, hero or villain1444 Words   |  6 PagesHenry Ford, Hero or Villain? 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The Next Hunger Games English Literature Essay Free Essays

The narrative a subsequence. Its about a miss, Katniss. She lived in District 12 and got picked as testimonial to contend in the one-year Hunger Games, organized by the Capitol, the topographic point that regulations over a state called Panem ( what used to be the United States ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Next Hunger Games English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 1 who survives the game, wins. Merely one individual could win, but at the terminal they said two people from the same territory could win together. When Katniss and her fellow District 12 testimonial Peeta think they ‘ve won, they ‘re told merely one of them can win. Because they refuse to kill each other, they want to take toxicant berries so they ‘ll both decease. This is seen as opposition by the Capitol ( the Capitol regulations everything ) , and they are rapidly stopped. So, together with Peeta, Katniss won the Hunger Games. Because of Katniss ‘ behaviour, people are easy turning against the Capitol. The following Hunger Games, all the old victors had to be in the games once more, even though they would really ne’er have to once more. At the terminal, the staying testimonials are saved by Rebels and they are brought to District 13. Cipher knew District 13 still existed though. In the interim, Katniss has become the symbol of the revolution. She is the ‘Mockingjay ‘ . She does hold a twosome of demands. So she wants President Coin, the president of District 13, to allow unsusceptibility to all former victors of the Hunger Games. She besides wants to be the 1 who kills President Snow ( President of Panem ) . Peeta was non rescued by the Rebels so the Rebels decide to take action, and free Peeta from the Capitol. If successful, it is non the Peeta that Katniss can retrieve her. But when Peeta is saved, he attacks Katniss because he was brainwashed by the Capitol so he would believe that Katniss is the enemy. The Rebels, with Katniss as their leader, continue runing and they go to the Capitol. Their end is to kill President Snow. During this trip, a figure of Rebels are killed, including Finnick. Finally Katniss goes looking for president Snow by herself. Then parachutes fall down, the same 1s that were used in the Hunger Games to supply things. The kids instantly try to acquire them, but they are bad packages, because there are bombs inside. Many of the kids and the Rebel medical squad are killed because of this. Among these people was Primrose, Katniss ‘ sister. This has a great impact on Katniss. Finally Katniss gets to President Snow and they talk briefly. He tells her that non he, but President Coin was responsible for the bombs. Katniss does n’t cognize what to believe, but if this is true so Gale was cognizant of this program, even though he denies everything. When Katniss gets the opportunity to kill President Snow, she remembers that she had one time made a trade with him ; they would ever state each other the truth. So alternatively of killing him, she shoots an pointer at President Coin. Commotion arises and it seems President Snow is dead, but it is ill-defined how he died precisely. Katniss wants to perpetrate self-destruction, but right when she wants to take the pill, Peeta stops her. Katniss does n’t acquire pursued and goes back to District 12 with some others and they want to reconstruct the territory. Katniss eventually sees that it was inevitable to fall in love with Peeta. She did non necessitate Gale. Together with Haymitch, Katniss and Peeta create a book with the narratives of the old testimonials and others during who died during the rebellion. This manner, they would ne’er be forgotten. The book ends with an epilogue. Katniss is an grownup and has two kids, she is married to Peeta. The Hunger Games are history, but Katniss does non look frontward to the minute when she has to state her kids about the Games and the war. Subject Ferociousness Description of the chief character Katniss Everdeen: Katniss is a 17 twelvemonth old miss. She is obstinate and independent. Her small sister Prim means a batch to her. She loves runing with her friend Gale. Because she did n’t desire to be bossed around by the Capitol, she gave people hope. So she became ‘the Mockingjay ‘ . Description of two minor characters Peeta Mellark: Peeta Mellark was a bakers boy. He ever had a crush on Katniss before they got picked to be testimonials. Peeta is really talented in picture. He is diffident, really sweet and would make anything for Katniss. Gale Hawthorne: Gale is Katniss ‘ best friend and they ever hunt together. He cares a batch about his household. He is rebellious and lovingness. He is in love with Katniss. Description of the topographic point where the narrative is set District 13. This is the District furthest off from the Capitol. It is under the land, so it looks as if there is nil. But, under the land are populating a batch of people. When does the narrative take topographic point? The narrative takes topographic point in the hereafter. I know this because it is told in the first book of the series. The narrative is told inveterate. Who is the storyteller? The narrative is told from Katniss ‘ position. Explanation of the rubric When Katniss went into the Hunger Games in the first book, she got a pin with a mockingjay on it. That is the combination of a mocker and a jabberjay ( a bird designed by the Capitol to memorise conversations so the Capitol could descry on people. When the jabberjay ‘s got misused by the people being spied on, the jabberjay ‘s were released in the wild. Alternatively of deceasing, they bred with mockers ) . Katniss becomes ‘the mockingjay ‘ as a statement. Is the book merely meant as a narrative or is the writer seeking to convey across a message? I do n’t believe there ‘s truly a message behind the narrative. Possibly if you try really difficult to happen some kind of intending behind the narrative you could believe of a message but I think that ‘s a small far-fetched. My sentiment on the book I liked the book, because I was really funny about how the narrative would stop. Would I urge the book to my schoolmates? Certain, I would urge the book to my schoolmates. But, they should hold read the other books because this is merely the concluding book. If they have read the other books, I would decidedly urge the book because it is easy to read and it ‘s non really complicated ( unless you have n’t read the other books evidently ) . Which portion I liked best I liked the stoping best, merely because I wanted to cognize how the narrative ended. Which portion disappointed me most I guess what disappointed me most was besides the stoping, because even though I loved Peeta, I in secret wanted Katniss to take Gale. She made the right determination though, but it still someway defeated me. How much clip I spent reading the book I think it took me about a hebdomad to read the book, but I ‘m non certain how many hours. How to cite The Next Hunger Games English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Speech Midterm Study Guide free essay sample

Mass: communication addressed to an extremely large audience (news) c. Communication Context ix. Physical: tangible environment where communication takes place x. Social-Psychological: relationship between the participants, roles that people play, amp; cultural rules in society (graduation party vs. funeral) xi. Temporal: the time of day, time in history, or how the message fits into a sequence of events (compliments during an argument) xii. Cultural: beliefs, values, and ways of behaving shared by a group of people and passed down through generations d. Source-Receiver xiii. Source: SpeakerReceiver: Listener xiv. Encoding: act of producing messages (speaking or writing) xv. Decoding: act of receiving messages (listening or reading) e. Messages xvi. You can send and receive messages through any sensory organ. xvii. 3 Types: 1. Metamessage: message referring to another message (winking when you lie) 2. Feedback: messages sent to the speaker reacting to what is said 3. Feedforward: information you provide before sending your message (preface in a book) f. Noise xviii. Anything that interferes with receiving a message. xix. 4 Types: 4. Physical: external interference to speaker amp; listener (passing cars) 5. Physiological: barriers within the sender or receiver (hearing loss) 6. Psychological: mental interference (closed-mindedness) 7. Semantic: when speaker amp; listener have different meaning systems (jargon) g. Communication Effects xx. Intellectual: changes in your thinking xxi. Affective: changes in your attitude, values, beliefs, or emotions xxii. Psychomotor: changes in behaviors (learning to throw a curve ball) h. Principles of Human Communication xxiii. Communication is Purposeful 8. The motivation that leads you to communicate. 9. Learn, Relate, Help, Influence, Play xxiv. Communication is Transactional 10. Communication is always changing, interdependent, messages depend on the individual for their meaning and effect, and each person is both a speaker and a listener. xxv. Communication is a Package of Symbols 11. Verbal and nonverbal messages work together in â€Å"packages† xxvi. Communication is a Process of Adjustment 12. Communication can only take place when the communicators use the same system of signals. xxvii. Communication Involves Content amp; Relationship Dimensions 13. Messages refer to both the real world and the relationship between the parties a. Boss to Employee: â€Å"See me after the meeting† i. Content: see him after the meeting ii. Relationship: power difference xxviii. Communication is Ambiguous 14. Messages with more than 1 potential meaning. (informal time: in a minute) xxix. Communication is Punctuated 15. Communication events are continuous transactions, punctuated into cause amp; effects for convenience. xxx. Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, amp; Unrepeatable 16. Messages are almost always being sent, can’t be uncommunicated, amp; are always unique, one-time occurrences. i. Communication Competence: knowledge amp; understanding of how communication works amp; the ability to use communication effectively. xxxi. Be critical amp; mindful. xxxii. Be culturally sensitive. xxxiii. Be ethical. xxxiv. Be an effective listener. II. Chapter 2 j. Transmission of Culture xxxv. Enculturation: process by which you learn your own culture xxxvi. Acculturation: process where you learn a culture different from your own k. Cultural Theories xxxvii. Cultural Evolution: humans evolved from lower life forms *widely rejected* xxxviii. Cultural Relativism: all cultures are different and no culture is superior to any other l. Cultural Differences xxxix. Individual amp; Collective Orientation 17. Individualist culture: teaches importance of individual values 18. Collectivist culture: teaches importance of group values xl. High amp; Low Context 19. High context culture: information in communication is in context b. Assumptions about each other 20. Low context culture: most of the information is stated in the verbal message 21. Face-saving: Avoiding embarrassing someone xli. Power Distances 22. High power distance culture: power in the hands of a few leaders 23. Low power distance culture: power is evenly distributed through citizens xlii. Masculine amp; Feminine 24. Masculine: values aggressiveness, material success, and strength 25. Feminine: modesty, concern for relationships, quality of life, tenderness xliii. High amp; Low Ambiguity Tolerance 26. High ambiguity tolerance culture: don’t feel threatened by uncertainty 27. Low ambiguity tolerance culture: great anxiety about uncertainty xliv. Long amp; Short Term Orientation 28. Long term: promotes importance of future 29. Short term: focuses on past amp; present xlv. Indulgence amp; Restraint 30. Indulgence: emphasize having fun amp; enjoying life (life control amp; leisure) 31. Restraint: curbing gratification (more unhappy cultures) m. Ethnocentrism: tendency to see other cultures through your own cultural filter (thinking our culture is the best amp; see other cultures as inferior) n. Overattribution: tendency to attribute too much of person’s behavior and attitudes to one of that person’s characteristics xlvi. Example: â€Å"He believes that because he was raised as a Catholic. † III. Chapter 3 o. The Self in Communication xlvii. Self-concept: your image of who you are (how you perceive yourself) xlviii. Looking-glass self: a self-image based on how we think other people see us xlix. Sources of Self Concept 32. Others’ images 33. Social Comparisons 34. Cultural Teachings 35. Your Interpretations amp; Evaluations l. Johari Window li. Self-Awareness: your knowledge of who you are (strengths/weaknesses, emotions) lii. Self-Esteem: measure of how valuable you think you are liii. Self-Disclosure: type of communication where you reveal information about yourself that you normally keep hidden p. Perception liv. Process where you become aware of events, objects amp; people through your senses. lv. 5 Stages: 36. Stimulation c. Selective attention: attending to things you find enjoyable (daydreaming in class until the teacher calls your name) d. Selective exposure: exposing yourself to info that will confirm your beliefs (paying attention to advertisements for a car you just bought) 37. Organization e. Rules: grouping things together or concluding things don’t belong together by proximity, similarity, and contrast. f. Schema: mental file cabinet that helps you organize your experiences g. Script: type of schema; your idea of how something should play out 38. Interpretation-Evaluation h. Linked process; seeing someone through your schema amp; that is how you view them 39. Memory 40. Recall q. Impression Formation lvi. Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true (Enter a group thinking the others will dislike you. You’ll be proved right most likely because you are acting negatively to make them dislike you. ) lvii. Implicit Personality Theory: rules that tell you which characteristics go with other characteristics (pretty, smart, nice) lviii. Self Serving Bias: taking credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative lix. Fundamental Attribution Error: concluding that people do what they do because of what type of people they are, not because of their situation (When Pat is late, you assume it’s because he is irresponsible, instead of considering his car broke down) IV. Chapter 4 r. The Listening Process lx. 5 Stages: 41. Receiving: hearing/attending 42. Understanding: learning what the speaker means 43. Remembering: recalling/retaining 44. Evaluating: judging/criticizing 45. Responding: answering/ giving feedback i. Backchanneling: â€Å"yes, uh huh† s. Listening Barriers lxi. Physical amp; Mental Distractions lxii. Biases amp; Prejudices lxiii. Lack of Appropriate Focus lxiv. Premature Judgment t. Styles of Effective Listening lxv. Empathetic amp; Objective Listening 46. Empathy: understanding what a person means amp; feels 47. Objective: listening with detachment lxvi. Nonjudgmental amp; Critical Listening 48. Listening with an open mind will help you understand messages better. 49. Recognize Fallacies: j. Weasel Words: terms that are slippery amp; difficult to pin down k. Euphemisms: terms that makes the negative and unpleasant appear positive and appealing l. Jargon: specialized language of a professional class m. Gobbledygook: overly complex language that overwhelms the listener lxvii. Surface amp; Depth Listening 50. There’s an obvious meaning, and then another level of meaning. lxviii. Polite amp; Impolite Listening lxix. Active amp; Inactive Listening 51. Active: process of sending back to the speaker what you as a listener think the speaker meant—content and feelings. V. Chapter 5 u. Meanings are in People lxx. Bypassing: miscommunication pattern which occurs when the sender and the receiver miss each other with their meanings v. Denotation: dictionary definition w. Connotation: emotional meaning that people attach to words x. Snarl amp; Purr Words: connotative meanings y. Meanings Depend on Context xxi. â€Å"How are you? † to someone you pass by vs. someone in the hospital lxxii. Cultural Context 52. Principle of Cooperation: both parties will make an effort to understand each other n. Maxim of Quality: say what you know to be true o. Maxim of Relation: talk about what is relevant p. Maxim of Manner: be clear, brief amp; meaningful q. Maxim of Quantity: be as informative as necessary 53. Principle of Peaceful Relations: when you communicate, your primary goal is to maintain peaceful relationships 54. Principle of Face-Saving: never embarrass anyone, especially in public 55. Principle of Self-Denigration: avoid taking credit for accomplishments; downplaying yourself z. Meanings Vary in Politeness lxxiii. Direct Messages: straightforward messages than can appear impolite 56. â€Å"Lend me $100† lxxiv. Indirect Messages: express a desire without insulting or offending anyone {. Messages Can Deceive lxxv. Lying: the act of sending messages with the intention of giving another person information that you believe to be false. 57. Types of Lies: r. Pro-social Deception: to achieve some good (telling someone they look great so you don’t appear impolite otherwise) s. Self-Enhancement Deception: to make yourself look good (present yourself a lot more successful than you are) t. Selfish Deception: to protect yourself (saying you did most of the work for a project) u. Anti-social Deception: to harm someone (spreading nasty rumors) 58. Truth bias: assuming people are telling the truth when speaking to them |. Disconfirmation amp; Confirmation lxxvi. Disconfirmation: ignoring someone’s presence and their ersonal message lxxvii. Rejection: disagreeing with the person; unwillingness to accept something that is said lxxviii. Confirmation: acknowledging the other person’s importance amp; accepting them }. Using Verbal Messages Effectively lxxix. Intensional Orientation: the tendency to view people, objects amp; events according to the way they’re talked about lxxx. Extensional Orientation: the tendency to look first at the people, object amp; events amp; their labels afterwards lxxxi. Allness: the assumption that all can be known about a person/issue ~. Facts amp; Inferences lxxxii. Inferential statement: statement made on the basis not only of what you observe, but what you infer VI. Chapter 6 . Nonverbals Integrating with Verbal Messages lxxxiii. Accent: to emphasize some part of the verbal message (banging your first on the desk) lxxxiv. Complement: add nuances of meaning (smiling when telling a funny story) lxxxv. Contradict: (crossing you fingers to indicate you’re lying) lxxxvi. Regulate: indicate desire to control the flow of verbal messages (pursing lips to speak) lxxxvii. Repeat: (â€Å"Let’s go† while motioning with your hand) lxxxviii. Substitute: take place of verbal messages (OK sign with hand) . Body Communication lxxxix. Emblems: body gestures that directly translate to words (thumbs up for good job) xc. Illustrators: enhance your verbal message (drawing a triangle with your hands to explain it) xci. Affect Displays: movements of the face/general body to communication emotional meaning (frowning amp; slumping) xcii. Regulators: behaviors that control the speaking (nodding your head) xciii. Adaptors: satisfy a personal need (scratching your head) . Facial Communication xciv. Facial Management Techniques 59. To intensify: exaggeration your astonishment at a surprise party to make your friends feel better 60. To deintensify: cover up your joy about good news in front of a friend who didn’t receive good news 61. To neutralize: cover up your sadness so as not to depress others 62. To mask: express happiness in order to cover up your disappointment 63. To simulate: express an emotion you didn’t feel . Eye Communication xcv. Visual Dominance 64. Normally, people maintain a high level of eye contact when listening and low level while speaking. To signal dominance, it is reversed. xcvi. Eye avoidance 65. Civil inattention (to give privacy), lack of interest . Space Communication xcvii. Intimate Distance: touching to 18 inches xcviii. Personal Distance: 18 inches to 4 feet xcix. Social Distance: 4 feet to 12 feet c. Public Distance: 12 to 25+ feet ci. Territoriality 66. Primary territory: areas you’re in control of (bedroom, office) 67. Secondary territory: areas that aren’t yours but are associated with you because you’ve occupied them for a long time (classroom desk, coffee shop table) 68. Public territory: open to all people (park) cii. Territory Markers 69. Central markers: items you place to reserve the area (books on a desk) 70. Boundary markers: divide your territory from someone else’s (bar between groceries) 71. Earmarkers: writing your name on stuff that’s yours . Touch Communication ciii. Messages: 72. Positive feelings 73. Intention to play 74. Control 75. Ritualistic (saying goodbye with a hug) 76. Task-related (helping someone out of a car) . Paralanguage (vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech—HOW you say it) civ. Pitch, Volume, Speed, Rhythm . Time Communication cv. Psychological Time Orientation: emphasis you place on the past, present, and future cvi. Cultural amp; Time 77. Social Clock: schedule that tells you if you’re keeping pace with your peers 78. Informal Time: â€Å"forever, immediately, soon† 79. Monochronic Time: one schedule at a time/ value their work 80. Polychronic Time: multitasking