Speech Midterm Study Guide free essay sample

Mass: communication addressed to an extremely large audience (news) c. Communication Context ix. Physical: tangible environment where communication takes place x. Social-Psychological: relationship between the participants, roles that people play, amp; cultural rules in society (graduation party vs. funeral) xi. Temporal: the time of day, time in history, or how the message fits into a sequence of events (compliments during an argument) xii. Cultural: beliefs, values, and ways of behaving shared by a group of people and passed down through generations d. Source-Receiver xiii. Source: SpeakerReceiver: Listener xiv. Encoding: act of producing messages (speaking or writing) xv. Decoding: act of receiving messages (listening or reading) e. Messages xvi. You can send and receive messages through any sensory organ. xvii. 3 Types: 1. Metamessage: message referring to another message (winking when you lie) 2. Feedback: messages sent to the speaker reacting to what is said 3. Feedforward: information you provide before sending your message (preface in a book) f. Noise xviii. Anything that interferes with receiving a message. xix. 4 Types: 4. Physical: external interference to speaker amp; listener (passing cars) 5. Physiological: barriers within the sender or receiver (hearing loss) 6. Psychological: mental interference (closed-mindedness) 7. Semantic: when speaker amp; listener have different meaning systems (jargon) g. Communication Effects xx. Intellectual: changes in your thinking xxi. Affective: changes in your attitude, values, beliefs, or emotions xxii. Psychomotor: changes in behaviors (learning to throw a curve ball) h. Principles of Human Communication xxiii. Communication is Purposeful 8. The motivation that leads you to communicate. 9. Learn, Relate, Help, Influence, Play xxiv. Communication is Transactional 10. Communication is always changing, interdependent, messages depend on the individual for their meaning and effect, and each person is both a speaker and a listener. xxv. Communication is a Package of Symbols 11. Verbal and nonverbal messages work together in â€Å"packages† xxvi. Communication is a Process of Adjustment 12. Communication can only take place when the communicators use the same system of signals. xxvii. Communication Involves Content amp; Relationship Dimensions 13. Messages refer to both the real world and the relationship between the parties a. Boss to Employee: â€Å"See me after the meeting† i. Content: see him after the meeting ii. Relationship: power difference xxviii. Communication is Ambiguous 14. Messages with more than 1 potential meaning. (informal time: in a minute) xxix. Communication is Punctuated 15. Communication events are continuous transactions, punctuated into cause amp; effects for convenience. xxx. Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, amp; Unrepeatable 16. Messages are almost always being sent, can’t be uncommunicated, amp; are always unique, one-time occurrences. i. Communication Competence: knowledge amp; understanding of how communication works amp; the ability to use communication effectively. xxxi. Be critical amp; mindful. xxxii. Be culturally sensitive. xxxiii. Be ethical. xxxiv. Be an effective listener. II. Chapter 2 j. Transmission of Culture xxxv. Enculturation: process by which you learn your own culture xxxvi. Acculturation: process where you learn a culture different from your own k. Cultural Theories xxxvii. Cultural Evolution: humans evolved from lower life forms *widely rejected* xxxviii. Cultural Relativism: all cultures are different and no culture is superior to any other l. Cultural Differences xxxix. Individual amp; Collective Orientation 17. Individualist culture: teaches importance of individual values 18. Collectivist culture: teaches importance of group values xl. High amp; Low Context 19. High context culture: information in communication is in context b. Assumptions about each other 20. Low context culture: most of the information is stated in the verbal message 21. Face-saving: Avoiding embarrassing someone xli. Power Distances 22. High power distance culture: power in the hands of a few leaders 23. Low power distance culture: power is evenly distributed through citizens xlii. Masculine amp; Feminine 24. Masculine: values aggressiveness, material success, and strength 25. Feminine: modesty, concern for relationships, quality of life, tenderness xliii. High amp; Low Ambiguity Tolerance 26. High ambiguity tolerance culture: don’t feel threatened by uncertainty 27. Low ambiguity tolerance culture: great anxiety about uncertainty xliv. Long amp; Short Term Orientation 28. Long term: promotes importance of future 29. Short term: focuses on past amp; present xlv. Indulgence amp; Restraint 30. Indulgence: emphasize having fun amp; enjoying life (life control amp; leisure) 31. Restraint: curbing gratification (more unhappy cultures) m. Ethnocentrism: tendency to see other cultures through your own cultural filter (thinking our culture is the best amp; see other cultures as inferior) n. Overattribution: tendency to attribute too much of person’s behavior and attitudes to one of that person’s characteristics xlvi. Example: â€Å"He believes that because he was raised as a Catholic. † III. Chapter 3 o. The Self in Communication xlvii. Self-concept: your image of who you are (how you perceive yourself) xlviii. Looking-glass self: a self-image based on how we think other people see us xlix. Sources of Self Concept 32. Others’ images 33. Social Comparisons 34. Cultural Teachings 35. Your Interpretations amp; Evaluations l. Johari Window li. Self-Awareness: your knowledge of who you are (strengths/weaknesses, emotions) lii. Self-Esteem: measure of how valuable you think you are liii. Self-Disclosure: type of communication where you reveal information about yourself that you normally keep hidden p. Perception liv. Process where you become aware of events, objects amp; people through your senses. lv. 5 Stages: 36. Stimulation c. Selective attention: attending to things you find enjoyable (daydreaming in class until the teacher calls your name) d. Selective exposure: exposing yourself to info that will confirm your beliefs (paying attention to advertisements for a car you just bought) 37. Organization e. Rules: grouping things together or concluding things don’t belong together by proximity, similarity, and contrast. f. Schema: mental file cabinet that helps you organize your experiences g. Script: type of schema; your idea of how something should play out 38. Interpretation-Evaluation h. Linked process; seeing someone through your schema amp; that is how you view them 39. Memory 40. Recall q. Impression Formation lvi. Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true (Enter a group thinking the others will dislike you. You’ll be proved right most likely because you are acting negatively to make them dislike you. ) lvii. Implicit Personality Theory: rules that tell you which characteristics go with other characteristics (pretty, smart, nice) lviii. Self Serving Bias: taking credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative lix. Fundamental Attribution Error: concluding that people do what they do because of what type of people they are, not because of their situation (When Pat is late, you assume it’s because he is irresponsible, instead of considering his car broke down) IV. Chapter 4 r. The Listening Process lx. 5 Stages: 41. Receiving: hearing/attending 42. Understanding: learning what the speaker means 43. Remembering: recalling/retaining 44. Evaluating: judging/criticizing 45. Responding: answering/ giving feedback i. Backchanneling: â€Å"yes, uh huh† s. Listening Barriers lxi. Physical amp; Mental Distractions lxii. Biases amp; Prejudices lxiii. Lack of Appropriate Focus lxiv. Premature Judgment t. Styles of Effective Listening lxv. Empathetic amp; Objective Listening 46. Empathy: understanding what a person means amp; feels 47. Objective: listening with detachment lxvi. Nonjudgmental amp; Critical Listening 48. Listening with an open mind will help you understand messages better. 49. Recognize Fallacies: j. Weasel Words: terms that are slippery amp; difficult to pin down k. Euphemisms: terms that makes the negative and unpleasant appear positive and appealing l. Jargon: specialized language of a professional class m. Gobbledygook: overly complex language that overwhelms the listener lxvii. Surface amp; Depth Listening 50. There’s an obvious meaning, and then another level of meaning. lxviii. Polite amp; Impolite Listening lxix. Active amp; Inactive Listening 51. Active: process of sending back to the speaker what you as a listener think the speaker meant—content and feelings. V. Chapter 5 u. Meanings are in People lxx. Bypassing: miscommunication pattern which occurs when the sender and the receiver miss each other with their meanings v. Denotation: dictionary definition w. Connotation: emotional meaning that people attach to words x. Snarl amp; Purr Words: connotative meanings y. Meanings Depend on Context xxi. â€Å"How are you? † to someone you pass by vs. someone in the hospital lxxii. Cultural Context 52. Principle of Cooperation: both parties will make an effort to understand each other n. Maxim of Quality: say what you know to be true o. Maxim of Relation: talk about what is relevant p. Maxim of Manner: be clear, brief amp; meaningful q. Maxim of Quantity: be as informative as necessary 53. Principle of Peaceful Relations: when you communicate, your primary goal is to maintain peaceful relationships 54. Principle of Face-Saving: never embarrass anyone, especially in public 55. Principle of Self-Denigration: avoid taking credit for accomplishments; downplaying yourself z. Meanings Vary in Politeness lxxiii. Direct Messages: straightforward messages than can appear impolite 56. â€Å"Lend me $100† lxxiv. Indirect Messages: express a desire without insulting or offending anyone {. Messages Can Deceive lxxv. Lying: the act of sending messages with the intention of giving another person information that you believe to be false. 57. Types of Lies: r. Pro-social Deception: to achieve some good (telling someone they look great so you don’t appear impolite otherwise) s. Self-Enhancement Deception: to make yourself look good (present yourself a lot more successful than you are) t. Selfish Deception: to protect yourself (saying you did most of the work for a project) u. Anti-social Deception: to harm someone (spreading nasty rumors) 58. Truth bias: assuming people are telling the truth when speaking to them |. Disconfirmation amp; Confirmation lxxvi. Disconfirmation: ignoring someone’s presence and their ersonal message lxxvii. Rejection: disagreeing with the person; unwillingness to accept something that is said lxxviii. Confirmation: acknowledging the other person’s importance amp; accepting them }. Using Verbal Messages Effectively lxxix. Intensional Orientation: the tendency to view people, objects amp; events according to the way they’re talked about lxxx. Extensional Orientation: the tendency to look first at the people, object amp; events amp; their labels afterwards lxxxi. Allness: the assumption that all can be known about a person/issue ~. Facts amp; Inferences lxxxii. Inferential statement: statement made on the basis not only of what you observe, but what you infer VI. Chapter 6 . Nonverbals Integrating with Verbal Messages lxxxiii. Accent: to emphasize some part of the verbal message (banging your first on the desk) lxxxiv. Complement: add nuances of meaning (smiling when telling a funny story) lxxxv. Contradict: (crossing you fingers to indicate you’re lying) lxxxvi. Regulate: indicate desire to control the flow of verbal messages (pursing lips to speak) lxxxvii. Repeat: (â€Å"Let’s go† while motioning with your hand) lxxxviii. Substitute: take place of verbal messages (OK sign with hand) . Body Communication lxxxix. Emblems: body gestures that directly translate to words (thumbs up for good job) xc. Illustrators: enhance your verbal message (drawing a triangle with your hands to explain it) xci. Affect Displays: movements of the face/general body to communication emotional meaning (frowning amp; slumping) xcii. Regulators: behaviors that control the speaking (nodding your head) xciii. Adaptors: satisfy a personal need (scratching your head) . Facial Communication xciv. Facial Management Techniques 59. To intensify: exaggeration your astonishment at a surprise party to make your friends feel better 60. To deintensify: cover up your joy about good news in front of a friend who didn’t receive good news 61. To neutralize: cover up your sadness so as not to depress others 62. To mask: express happiness in order to cover up your disappointment 63. To simulate: express an emotion you didn’t feel . Eye Communication xcv. Visual Dominance 64. Normally, people maintain a high level of eye contact when listening and low level while speaking. To signal dominance, it is reversed. xcvi. Eye avoidance 65. Civil inattention (to give privacy), lack of interest . Space Communication xcvii. Intimate Distance: touching to 18 inches xcviii. Personal Distance: 18 inches to 4 feet xcix. Social Distance: 4 feet to 12 feet c. Public Distance: 12 to 25+ feet ci. Territoriality 66. Primary territory: areas you’re in control of (bedroom, office) 67. Secondary territory: areas that aren’t yours but are associated with you because you’ve occupied them for a long time (classroom desk, coffee shop table) 68. Public territory: open to all people (park) cii. Territory Markers 69. Central markers: items you place to reserve the area (books on a desk) 70. Boundary markers: divide your territory from someone else’s (bar between groceries) 71. Earmarkers: writing your name on stuff that’s yours . Touch Communication ciii. Messages: 72. Positive feelings 73. Intention to play 74. Control 75. Ritualistic (saying goodbye with a hug) 76. Task-related (helping someone out of a car) . Paralanguage (vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech—HOW you say it) civ. Pitch, Volume, Speed, Rhythm . Time Communication cv. Psychological Time Orientation: emphasis you place on the past, present, and future cvi. Cultural amp; Time 77. Social Clock: schedule that tells you if you’re keeping pace with your peers 78. Informal Time: â€Å"forever, immediately, soon† 79. Monochronic Time: one schedule at a time/ value their work 80. Polychronic Time: multitasking